Periventrikuläre Leukomalazie und perinatale telenzephale Leukoenzephalopathie - ein und dieselbe Krankheit? : Eine neuropathologische Studie anhand von 10 Falldarstellungen

In dieser Arbeit wurden die Periventrikuläre Leukomalazie und die Perinatale Telenzephale Leukoenzephalopathie analysiert. Aus neuropathologischer Sicht sind diese beiden Krankheitsbilder deutlich voneinander abgrenzbar. Die PVL zeigt nekrotische Veränderungen, Axonauftreibungen, Astrogliose, Gitterzellen und ausschließlich eine Begrenzung auf die weiße Marksubstanz. Da die Veränderungen so deutlich und massiv sind, sich gut durch bildgebende Verfahren darstellen und mit klinischer Symptomatik korrelieren lassen, hat die PVL in der Klinik die größere Bedeutung. Dies wird in Zukunft auch so bleiben, und durch die Verbesserung der bildgebenden Verfahren in Kombination mit indirekten diagnostischen Möglichkeiten (EEG, Doppler, Sehtests) wird die Erkennung der PVL eine immer größere Rolle spielen. Die Neuropathologie wird sich wohl in Zukunft mit der terminologischen Unterscheidung zurechtfinden und diese beiden Krankheitsbilder genauer voneinander differenzieren müssen. Da durch die Autopsie das Gehirn viel genauer untersucht werden kann als mit bildgebenden Verfahren, ist eine genauere Differenzierung der einzelnen Fälle möglich. Wie in dieser Arbeit zu sehen, sind die PVL-Fälle nicht so häufig anzutreffen, wie die als PTL bezeichnete Gliose mit hypertrophen Astrozyten, akut geschädigten Gliazellen oder Amphophilen Globuli, oder auch nur mit einer dieser vergleichsweise milden Veränderungen. Wie der Fall John J. NI: 7611 Kapitel 11.10 (PTL) veranschaulicht, können auch bei diesen relativ geringen Hirngewebsveränderungen klinische Auffälligkeiten vorliegen, die nicht durch konventionelle diagnostische Maßnahmen zu erklären und zu erkennen ist. Den in der Literatur erwähnten klinischen Studien gelang es nicht, die klinischen Symptome der PVL 100 %ig mit den morphologischen Veränderungen in Einklang zu bringen. Hierbei werden nur Wahrscheinlichkeiten angegeben (siehe Kapitel 6 Diagnostik und Kapitel 7 Klinik), die den Einzelfall vernachlässigen. Es können also auch mildere pathologische Veränderungen als eine PVL zu einer klinischen Symptomatik führen. Natürlich gilt das auch umgekehrt, denn nicht jede PVL-Läsion muß zur klinischen Auffälligkeit führen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeiten einer gut diagnostizierbaren PVL mit Zysten lassen darauf schließen, daß sich klinische Auffälligkeiten manifestieren. Die Klinik ist also recht uneinheitlich und läßt für den Neuropathologen keine Rückschlüsse auf die zugrundeliegende Erkrankung zu. Wie ja bereits in Kapitel 6.7 Klinische Untersuchung erwähnt, ist die Früherkennung der Symptome von Bedeutung, um rechtzeitig fördernde Maßnahme (Physiotherapie, Mund- Eßtherapie, Sprachtherapie, psychosoziale Betreuung, Funktionstraining und Hilfsmittelversorgung) einzuleiten. Dabei kann die Diagnostik mit den verschiedenen Mitteln die Erklärung der Symptome plausibel machen, aber sie sind nicht immer korrelierbar. Selbstverständlich ist dann die klinische Symptomatik von größerer Bedeutung als die bildgebenden Verfahren. Die PTL, wie sie von Leviton und Gilles (1983) definiert ist, zeigt sich für den Neuropathologen deutlicher als für den Kliniker. Auch wenn die Autoren einen Oberbegriff schaffen wollten, legen sie sich in ihrer eigenen Arbeit von 1983 erneut fest und beschreiben die Veränderungen mit hypertrophen Astrozyten und Amphophilen Globuli als die Perinatale Telenzephale Leukoenzephalopathie (Levito

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as applied to epilepsy

Epilepsy is the most common serious disease of the brain. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a novel imaging technique that offers the opportunity for co-localising biochemical information relating to metabolites specific to the study of epilepsy with high resolution MRI. Aims: The work included in this thesis was undertaken with two fundamental aims. The first was to apply a standardised MRS methodology in order to gain reproducible semi-quantitative information about the variation of relevant neuro-metabolites such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), glutamate (as glutamate plus glutamine [GLX]), N acetyl aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (Ins) and creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr) within epilepsy syndromes or pathological groups. The second main aim was to test a series of hypotheses relating to the regulation of the concentrations of these metabolites in the region of epileptic seizures, immediately following seizures and associated with particular medical and surgical treatment interventions. Methods: Seven experiments were performed in this thesis. In all seven studies the findings in the patient groups were compared against results from an acquired control group made up of healthy volunteers. In the first experiment [3.1] twenty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, with (10), and without hippocampal sclerosis were studied using multi voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) sequences in order to examine for differences in the obtained metabolites N acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr), choline containing compounds (Cho), GLX and myo-inositol (Ins) across the pathological groups and against a control population. In experiments [3.2], [3.3], [3.4] and [3.6] an MRS protocol that incorporated a double quantum filter acquisition sequence was applied in order to allow measurement of GABA+ (a combined measure of GABA plus homocarnosine) in addition to measurement of the metabolites examined in [3.1]. Studies were performed in the occipital lobes in patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) (n =10) or occipital lobe epilepsy (n = 10) [3.2], in the frontal lobes in patients with IGE (n = 21) and within regions of the MRI visible pathology in patients with large focal malformations of cortical development (MCD, n =10) [3.4]. In the last experiment using this technique patients with hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 16) were studied in the ipsilateral and also in the contralateral temporal lobes and following temporal lobe surgery (n = 10) [3.6]. In experiment [3.5] ten patients were examined whilst taking and when not taking sodium valproate in order to further examine for an effect of this medication on the measured metabolite concentrations. In experiment [3.7] ten patients were studied immediately after an epileptic seizure and then again during a subsequent inter-ictal period in order to examine for an influence of the recent seizure on the measured concentrations of the main metabolites. Results: MRSI in the temporal lobes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy identified low NAA in the anterior hippocampus that was most severe in those patients with hippocampal sclerosis. GLX elevation was a feature in the patients without hippocampal sclerosis. Metabolic abnormality was most marked in the anterior compared to the posterior hippocampal regions. GABA+ levels were elevated in patients with MCD and in the ipsilateral temporal lobe in temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis but levels were not altered in patients with IGE or OLE. GLX was also elevated in MCD in the region of MRI visible abnormality and in IGE patients when measured in the frontal lobes. Low NAA was a feature of TLE and MCD. Patients with IGE showed normal NAA levels in the occipital lobes but reduced frontal lobe concentrations. Cr concentrations were abnormal in the immediate post ictal period but normalised within 120 minutes. NAA was not altered and no significant change in lactate concentrations was observed. Finally sodium valproate treatment was associated with a reduction in the levels of Ins and with unchanged NAA and GLX levels. Main Conclusions: MRS techniques demonstrate metabolite abnormalities in epileptic patients. NAA is the most sensitive metabolite marker of chronic pathology but levels are insensitive to recent seizure history. These findings repeat earlier observations of the usefulness of NAA measurement in the assessment of chronic epilepsy whilst illustrating ongoing uncertainty as to the correct patho-physiological interpretation of reduced NAA levels. Measurable changes in the combined Cr signal are detectable whilst elevated lactate is not reliably observed following brief epileptic seizures at 1.5T. This finding indicates a potential role for MRS in functional activation studies. Malformations of cortical development have abnormal levels of both GABA+ and GLX and MCD sub-types may well demonstrate different metabolite profiles. This finding suggests that MRS could be a useful tool in the MRI classification of MCD and in the pre-surgical assessment of patients with focal malformations. Following successful temporal lobe surgery levels of NAA remain unchanged but NAA/Cr levels appear to normalise in the contralateral temporal lobe. NAA and GLX/NAA levels were altered in the frontal lobes but not in the occipital lobes in Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy. This finding provides imaging support for frontal lobe dysfunction as a cause or consequence of IGE. Metabolite levels are affected by administered antiepileptic drugs. Sodium valproate reduces the levels of MRS visible Ins levels whilst topiramate and gabapentin appear to be associated with higher GABA+ levels. These findings may be of major importance in the assessment of treatment effect or in the investigation of patients with possible drug resistance. The effect of valproate on Ins levels may become particularly interesting in the light of a growing understanding of the role of astrocyte dysfunction in a range of neurological conditions which include migraine, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, motor neurone disease and in ischaemic lesions

Prenatal stress and its effect on infant development

In this dissertation the effect of prenatal maternal stress on infant development and behavior is discussed. In a prospective longitudinal study of 170 nulliparous women, data was gatheren on the maternal stress level three times during pregnancy by means of questionnaires and endocrinologic parameters (Cortisol, ACTH). After birth, the infants were examined up to the age of 8 months with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and their behavior was rated by observation and by maternal report (Infant Characteristics Questionnaire; ICQ, Bates). The dissertations starts with a systematic review of studies concerning the influence of prenatal maternal stress on animal offspring. Next, the fears and stessors in human pregnancy are discussed in the preceeding chapters. In particular, pregnancy related anxieties and coping with stressors in a normal risk pregnancy are analyzed in detail. In addition, a multidimensional model of prenatal stress is presented. After describing the concept of prenatal maternal stress in humans, the effect of prenatal maternal stress on infant development and behavior are discussed. It is found that especially pregnancy-specific nxieties are negatively related to infant mental and motor development. In addition, women who experienced many fears during pregnancy have an increased risk of getting an infant with adaptational problems and difficult behavior in the first 8 months of life. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are offered

Cerebral Palsy

Nowadays, cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation, along with medical and surgical interventions in children with CP, leads to better motor and postural control and can ensure ambulation and functional independence. In achieving these improvements, many modern practices may be used, such as comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment, clinical decision making, multilevel surgery, botulinum toxin applications, robotic ambulation applications, treadmill, and other walking aids to increase the quality and endurance of walking. Trainings are based on neurodevelopmental therapy, muscle training and strength applications, adaptive equipment and orthotics, communication, technological solves, and many others beyond the scope of this book. In the years of clinical and academic experiences, children with cerebral palsy have shown us that the world needs a book to give clinical knowledge to health professionals regarding these important issue. This book is an attempt to fulfill and to give “current steps” about CP. The book is intended for use by physicians, therapists, and allied health professionals who treat/rehabilitate children with CP. We focus on the recent concepts in the treatment of body and structure problems and describe the associated disability, providing suggestions for further reading. All authors presented the most frequently used and accepted treatment methods with scientifically proven efficacy and included references at the end of each chapter