THE TEACHER IN RELATION TO THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS CASE OF THE NORMAL STRONG EXPERIMENTAL

This article, it is a case of study, it was mainly done through the literature search and statistical database, it provides data of the number of teachers with which the ENEF implements, its educational work in the initial training of elementary school teachers. It’s made a comparative analysis between the ENEF data and institutions of higher education of Mexico, Public Normal Schools of Sinaloa and the Experimental Normal Schools of our country. It is seen inequality between these institutions and the ENEF, this is the point that leads to reflection, considering the commitments which currently have the Normal Schools as institutions of higher education facing the current demands of our dynamic and complex context

Los docentes en relación al número de alumnos, retos y posibles repercusiones. Caso de la normal experimental de El Fuerte

El presente artículo, es un estudio de caso, se realizó principalmente a través de la consulta bibliográfica y de base de datos estadísticos; brinda fundamentos respecto a la planta docente con la cual la Escuela Normal Experimental de El Fuerte (ENEF) desempeña su exigente y diversificada labor en la formación inicial de docentes de educación primaria. Se hace un análisis comparativo entre la ENEF y las instituciones de Educación Superior en México, las Escuelas Normales Públicas de Sinaloa y las Escuelas Normales Experimentales del País y se evidencia la inequidad existente entre estas instituciones y la ENEF, el cual es el punto que conduce a la reflexión, considerando los compromisos que en la actualidad tienen las Escuelas Normales como instituciones de educación de cara a las exigencias actuales de nuestro contexto dinámico y complejo

La inclusión educativa en el plan de estudios 2012 para la formación de profesores de educación básica

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónLa principal necesidad del modelo de formación de las escuelas normales en México es la pertinencia que este debe llevar con las complejas demandas de la sociedad actual. Este, debe contribuir en la formación de la niñez, desarrollando nuevas formas de enseñanza, a través de prácticas inclusivas que posibiliten responder a sus diferencias, reduciendo y dando fin a la exclusión. En el estudio, se analiza la congruencia entre los planes de estudio 2011 para la educación básica y el plan de estudios 2012 para la formación de licenciados de educación primaria en México, en relación a la inclusión educativa para dar cuenta si las escuelas normales forman docentes con las competencias necesarias que atiendan el enfoque inclusivo en las escuelas de educación primaria. Para ello, se realizó un análisis comparativo del plan de estudios 2011 de educación básica y la curricula del plan de estudios 2012 de escuelas normales, a partir de dicho análisis se evidenció que existe una congruencia entre ambos, lo que contribuye de manera importante a la formación de competencias profesionales que permiten que el egresado normalista logre concretar practicas inclusivas acorde a las exigencias que demanda la educación básica. Asimismo, los resultados dan pie a la realización de un estudio de seguimiento de los egresados que dé cuenta de las prácticas inclusivas que realizan en las escuelas primarias.ES

Supercritical CO2 Foaming of Thermoplastic Materials Derived from Maize: Proof-of-Concept Use in Mammalian Cell Culture Applications

Background: Foams are high porosity and low density materials. In nature, they are a common architecture. Some of their relevant technological applications include heat and sound insulation, lightweight materials, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Foams derived from natural polymers are particularly attractive for tissue culture due to their biodegradability and bio-compatibility. Here, the foaming potential of an extensive list of materials was assayed, including slabs elaborated from whole flour, the starch component only, or the protein fraction only of maize seeds. Methodology/Principal Findings We used supercritical CO2 to produce foams from thermoplasticized maize derived materials. Polyethylene-glycol, sorbitol/glycerol, or urea/formamide were used as plasticizers. We report expansion ratios, porosities, average pore sizes, pore morphologies, and pore size distributions for these materials. High porosity foams were obtained from zein thermoplasticized with polyethylene glycol, and from starch thermoplasticized with urea/formamide. Zein foams had a higher porosity than starch foams (88% and 85%, respectively) and a narrower and more evenly distributed pore size. Starch foams exhibited a wider span of pore sizes and a larger average pore size than zein (208.84 vs. 55.43 μm2, respectively). Proof-of-concept cell culture experiments confirmed that mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and two different prostate cancer cell lines (22RV1, DU145) attached to and proliferated on zein foams. Conclusions/Significance: We conducted screening and proof-of-concept experiments on the fabrication of foams from cereal-based bioplastics. We propose that a key indicator of foamability is the strain at break of the materials to be foamed (as calculated from stress vs. strain rate curves). Zein foams exhibit attractive properties (average pore size, pore size distribution, and porosity) for cell culture applications; we were able to establish and sustain mammalian cell cultures on zein foams for extended time periods

Two different prostate cancer cell lines attach and proliferate on zein foams.

<p>A portion of the porous surface of a wpTPZ foam as observed by confocal microscopy at 20X (A) before cell seeding, and (B) 22RV1 cells after seven days of growth. Prostate cancer cell lines cultured on wpTPZ attach, proliferate, and develop into tree-like structures on the edge of wpTPZ foams: (C) 22RV1 cells observed at the third day of culture (24X; stereoscopic microscope); (D) Du145 cells observed at the third day of culture (24X; stereoscopic microscope).</p

Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) micrographs and pore size distributions of foams.

<p>Foams made from (A) starch slabs thermoplasticized at 135°C and 50 rpm using urea/formamide as a plasticizer (sample TPSuf); observed at 1500X, and (B) at 2000X magnification. Foams made from zein slabs thermoplasticized at 75°C and 50 rpm (sample TPZ); observed at (C) 1500X, and (D) 2000X magnification. (E) The cumulative distribution of pore sizes, as calculated by image analysis of SEM micrographs, is presented for TPSuf foams (blue line) and Z foams (yellow line). Pore sizes are expressed in terms of projected areas ([=] μm²). The frequency distribution of pore sizes calculated by image analysis of SEM micrographs is presented for (F) TPSuf foams, and (G) TPZ foams.</p

Schematic representation of the experimental treatments and materials derived from them:

<div><p>TPZ: thermoplasticized zein; TPS: thermoplasticized starch; TPBMx: thermoplasticized blue maize (x is a suffix that indicates extrusion temperature); TPmBM: thermoplasticized chemically modified blue maize (as described in materials and methods); Mix[TPS_y+TPZ]^a: thermoplasticized blends of TPS and TPZ (80:20 wt/wt).</p> <p>The y subindex indicates the plasticizer used to produce TPS. ^aBlends were produced using the close mode compounding described in materials and methods. Plasticizers used where sg (sorbitol-glycerol); uf (urea-formamide); and PEG400 (poly-ethylene glycol with m.w. = 400 Da).</p></div

Processing conditions used to elaborate maize derived bioplastics later exposed to CO₂ supercritical foaming conditions.

<p><b>Plasticizers:</b> Peg400: polyethylene-glycol 400; uf: urea/formamide; sg: sorbitol and glycerol mixture (1.4:1 wt/wt).</p><p><b>Bioplastics:</b> TPZ: thermoplasticized zein; TPS: thermoplasticized starch; TPBMx: thermoplasticized blue maize (x is a suffix that indicate extrusion temperature); TPmBM: thermoplasticized chemically modified blue maize (as described in materials and methods); Mix[TPS_y+TPZ]^a: thermoplasticized Blends of TPS and TPZ (80:20 wt/wt). The y subindex indicates the plasticizer used to produce TPS. ^aBlends were produced using the close mode compounding described in materials and methods.</p><p>Processing conditions used to elaborate maize derived bioplastics later exposed to CO₂ supercritical foaming conditions.</p

Relevant indicators of the quality of foams obtained by supercritical CO₂ expansion in slabs derived from thermoplasticized starch plasticized with urea/formamide (TPSuf foams) and thermoplasticized zein (TPZ foams).

<p>¹Pore size is expressed as the projected area of the pore as determined by image analysis of electronic microscope micrographs.</p><p>²Higher ratios of Thickness/Surface expansion indicate more spherical pores.</p><p>Relevant indicators of the quality of foams obtained by supercritical CO₂ expansion in slabs derived from thermoplasticized starch plasticized with urea/formamide (TPSuf foams) and thermoplasticized zein (TPZ foams).</p