Grande vitesse, Approcci e prospettive della ricerca in Francia e in Italia

National audience[High-speed railway. A comparative look to the approaches and the perspectives of research in French and in Italy] Can the construction of a big railway infrastructure become the occasion for (re)structuring the territory passed through? This is the base question of the reflection developed in this article, based on a PhD thesis in Urban planning and Architecture conducted at Institut d'Urbanisme of Grenoble and at Politecnico di Milano. Linear and impenetrable structure (apart from a certain limited number of points), the railway can represent an element of territorial transformation if it is not thought just as a technical device aimed at moving merchandises and people. Only by integrating such an infrastructure into a systemic and interscalar vision of planning it will be possible to produce positive repercussions on the territory. By analyzing plans and projects as well as some " design experiments " elaborated with a research-by-design approach, the thesis puts in evidence the most important elements of the territorial and urban planning that continuously evolves around the project of the Lyon-Turin-Milan high-speed railway to better understand the relation between infrastructure, territory and planning action. This article tries to underline the main differences between the Italian and French approaches to the research in the domain of the railway transports and, at the same time, that of the sustainable planning of the territory and of the city.La costruzione di una grande infrastruttura può diventare l'occasione per (ri)strutturare il territorio attraversato? Questa è la domanda implicita nella riflessione sviluppata nell'articolo, basato su una tesi di dottorato in Urbanistica-Architettura elaborata congiuntamente all'Istituto di Urbanistica di Grenoble ed al Politecnico di Milano. Struttura lineare ed impenetrabile, se non in un numero limitato di punti, la ferrovia può rappresentare un elemento di trasformazione territoriale se pensata non solamente come dispositivo tecnico finalizzato a trasportare merci e persone. Solo integrando l'infrastruttura in una visione sistemica ed interscalare della pianificazione è possibile produrre degli effetti positivi sul territorio. Analizzando piani, progetti e "sperimentazioni progettuali" elaborati nel contesto di una ricerca di tipo design-led, la tesi mette in evidenza gli elementi più importanti della pianificazione urbana e territoriale che evolvono continuamente intorno al progetto della linea ferroviaria ad alta velocità tra Lione, Torino e Milano, al fine di migliorare la comprensione della relazione tra infrastruttura, territorio e azione di pianificazione. L'articolo cerca di sottolineare le principali differenze tra gli approcci italiano e francese riguardo alla ricerca nel campo dei trasporti ferroviari e, allo stesso tempo, della pianificazione sostenibile del territorio e della città

Grande vitesse, Approcci e prospettive della ricerca in Francia e in Italia

National audience[High-speed railway. A comparative look to the approaches and the perspectives of research in French and in Italy] Can the construction of a big railway infrastructure become the occasion for (re)structuring the territory passed through? This is the base question of the reflection developed in this article, based on a PhD thesis in Urban planning and Architecture conducted at Institut d'Urbanisme of Grenoble and at Politecnico di Milano. Linear and impenetrable structure (apart from a certain limited number of points), the railway can represent an element of territorial transformation if it is not thought just as a technical device aimed at moving merchandises and people. Only by integrating such an infrastructure into a systemic and interscalar vision of planning it will be possible to produce positive repercussions on the territory. By analyzing plans and projects as well as some " design experiments " elaborated with a research-by-design approach, the thesis puts in evidence the most important elements of the territorial and urban planning that continuously evolves around the project of the Lyon-Turin-Milan high-speed railway to better understand the relation between infrastructure, territory and planning action. This article tries to underline the main differences between the Italian and French approaches to the research in the domain of the railway transports and, at the same time, that of the sustainable planning of the territory and of the city.La costruzione di una grande infrastruttura può diventare l'occasione per (ri)strutturare il territorio attraversato? Questa è la domanda implicita nella riflessione sviluppata nell'articolo, basato su una tesi di dottorato in Urbanistica-Architettura elaborata congiuntamente all'Istituto di Urbanistica di Grenoble ed al Politecnico di Milano. Struttura lineare ed impenetrabile, se non in un numero limitato di punti, la ferrovia può rappresentare un elemento di trasformazione territoriale se pensata non solamente come dispositivo tecnico finalizzato a trasportare merci e persone. Solo integrando l'infrastruttura in una visione sistemica ed interscalare della pianificazione è possibile produrre degli effetti positivi sul territorio. Analizzando piani, progetti e "sperimentazioni progettuali" elaborati nel contesto di una ricerca di tipo design-led, la tesi mette in evidenza gli elementi più importanti della pianificazione urbana e territoriale che evolvono continuamente intorno al progetto della linea ferroviaria ad alta velocità tra Lione, Torino e Milano, al fine di migliorare la comprensione della relazione tra infrastruttura, territorio e azione di pianificazione. L'articolo cerca di sottolineare le principali differenze tra gli approcci italiano e francese riguardo alla ricerca nel campo dei trasporti ferroviari e, allo stesso tempo, della pianificazione sostenibile del territorio e della città

Infrastructure, territoires et projets. L'exemple de la ligne ferroviaire à grande vitesse Lyon-Turin-Milan

Thèse de doctorat en Urbanisme-Architecture. Cotutelle Institut d'Urbanisme de Grenoble (Université Pierre Mendès France) et Facoltà di Architettura (Politecnico di Milano). Directeurs: G. Novarina et I. Valente. Texte téléchargeable: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-0099616

Construire la territorialité à partir d'une infrastructure pour la mobilité ? L'exemple de la ligne des Alpes

International audienceIn this proposition we analyse the expectations stakeholders develop about territories and the different visions they have about the relationship between planning and mobility, especially concerning the regional railway system and its potential in terms of servicing metropolitan territories. We show, moreover, how the proximity between researchers and territorial stakeholders brings representations and reciprocal expectations to emerge. The proposed communication is based on an interdisciplinary action-research conducted within the pole Innovation and Mountain Territories (Labex ITEM) of the Grenoble-Alpes University in collaboration with local stakeholders (representatives of institutions, economic and associative networks, inhabitants, etc.). The research, ongoing, focuses on the role of the regional railway line Grenoble-Veynes-Gap in the construction of the Grenoble metropolis. We formulate the hypothesis that the threat of dismissing the line is bringing out more clearly the expectations and the needs of peripheral metropolitan territories in the context of the current French territorial reorganization.Afin de réfléchir aux attentes que les acteurs développent par rapport aux territoires, nous analysons les rapports multiples qui s’instaurent entre les différentes visions des acteurs autour de la relation entre territoire et mobilité, en particulier le système ferroviaire régional et son potentiel en terme de desserte des territoires métropolitains. Nous montrons, de plus, comment la proximité entre chercheurs et acteurs du territoire fait émerger les représentations et les attentes réciproques. La communication proposée s’appuie sur une recherche-action interdisciplinaire conduite au sein du Labex Innovation et territoires de montagne de l’Université Grenoble Alpes en collaboration avec des acteurs locaux (représentants des institutions, du tissu économique et associatif, habitants, etc.). La recherche, en cours, porte sur le rôle de la ligne ferroviaire régionale Grenoble-Veynes-Gap dans la construction de la métropole grenobloise, en formulant l’hypothèse que la menace de fermeture de la ligne est en train de faire émerger plus nettement les attentes et les besoins des territoires métropolitains périphériques vis-à-vis de la réorganisation des périmètres et des pouvoirs

COVID-19 Severity in Multiple Sclerosis: Putting Data Into Context

Background and objectives: It is unclear how multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the severity of COVID-19. The aim of this study is to compare COVID-19-related outcomes collected in an Italian cohort of patients with MS with the outcomes expected in the age- and sex-matched Italian population. Methods: Hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death after COVID-19 diagnosis of 1,362 patients with MS were compared with the age- and sex-matched Italian population in a retrospective observational case-cohort study with population-based control. The observed vs the expected events were compared in the whole MS cohort and in different subgroups (higher risk: Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score > 3 or at least 1 comorbidity, lower risk: EDSS score ≤ 3 and no comorbidities) by the χ2 test, and the risk excess was quantified by risk ratios (RRs). Results: The risk of severe events was about twice the risk in the age- and sex-matched Italian population: RR = 2.12 for hospitalization (p < 0.001), RR = 2.19 for ICU admission (p < 0.001), and RR = 2.43 for death (p < 0.001). The excess of risk was confined to the higher-risk group (n = 553). In lower-risk patients (n = 809), the rate of events was close to that of the Italian age- and sex-matched population (RR = 1.12 for hospitalization, RR = 1.52 for ICU admission, and RR = 1.19 for death). In the lower-risk group, an increased hospitalization risk was detected in patients on anti-CD20 (RR = 3.03, p = 0.005), whereas a decrease was detected in patients on interferon (0 observed vs 4 expected events, p = 0.04). Discussion: Overall, the MS cohort had a risk of severe events that is twice the risk than the age- and sex-matched Italian population. This excess of risk is mainly explained by the EDSS score and comorbidities, whereas a residual increase of hospitalization risk was observed in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and a decrease in people on interferon

DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France

We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid-19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled-analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid-19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal-logistic models and pooled by a fixed-effect meta-analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti-CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid-19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled-analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid-19 in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon