A match made in heaven or down under? The effectiveness of matching visual and verbal horizons in advertising

According to construal level theory, consumers' processing styles become more abstract as psychological distance increases, but they grow more concrete when psychological distance decreases. This study provides evidence that panoramic pictures in which the horizon appears in the lower versus upper part of the frame trigger a different level of construal. As such, this study raises a novel source of construal. In addition, this study shows that when both visual (e.g., horizon height) and verbal (e.g., temporal benefit) advertising elements induce the same level of construal, advertising effectiveness increases. This work differs from previous research in that it focuses on the construal fit evoked by two advertisement features rather than a fit in construal between an external stimulus and the internal mindset of the consumer

Root Fracture in Immature Tooth: Report of a Case

Root fracture injuries affect 0.5–7% of permanent teeth. Although this type of injury is rarely seen in teeth with immature root formation, the prognosis is generally good depending on the site of the fracture. A case report of horizontal root fracture in maxillary central incisor of an 8-year and 3-month-old girl and its treatment was presented

Consumers’ evaluation of allocation policies for scarce health care services: Vested interest activation trumps spatial and temporal distance

The allocation of scarce health care service resources often requires trade-offs between individual and collective outcomes (e.g., when some individuals benefit more strongly from a given policy th

Cataract prevalence following a nationwide policy to shorten wait time for cataract surgery

Background: Cataract is an age-related eye disease. Visual impairment from cataract can be restored by cataract surgery. In 2004 the Canadian federal government invested in a multibillion dollar wait time strategy to shorten the wait time for cataract surgery, a government-insured health service in all Canadian jurisdictions. We assessed if this nationwide policy reduced the number of Canadians waiting for cataract surgery as more individuals with cataract were free of cataract following the rapidly conducted surgery. Methods: In this cross-sectional study we analyzed data from randomly selected individuals aged greater than or equal to 45 years responding to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) in 2000/2001, 2003, 2005, and the CCHS Healthy Aging in 2008/2009. Information on cataract was obtained from self-reported questionnaire. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of cataract was calculated for comparisons. Results: Cataract was reported by 0.93 million Canadians in 2000/2001, 0.99 million in 2003, 1.10 million in 2005, and 1.34 million in 2008/2009. This corresponds to an age- and sex-standardized prevalence of 8.9% in 2000/2001, 9.0% in 2003, 9.5% in 2005, and 10.2% (P <0.05) in 2008/2009. The increase in age- and sex-standardized prevalence was greater in individuals without secondary school graduation than those with secondary school graduation or higher (4.3% versus 1.3%, P < 0.05) and was seen in all Canadian provinces. The largest increase was documented in a province (Saskatchewan, from 9.8% in 2000/2001 to 12.6% in 2008/2009, P < 0.05) with the longest median wait times for cataract surgery (118 days in 2008) and the lowest number of ophthalmologists per 100,000 population (1.96 versus 3.35 national average). Conclusions: The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of cataract increased 4-5 years after the multibillion-dollar wait time strategy was launched in 2004. A lower threshold to diagnose cataract may be one potential reason for this finding. Further research is needed to understand the true reasons for the increase

Tumor Spreading to the Contralateral Ovary in Bilateral Ovarian Carcinoma Is a Late Event in Clonal Evolution

Cancer of the ovary is bilateral in 25%. Cytogenetic analysis could determine whether the disease in bilateral cases is metastatic or two separately occurring primary tumors, but karyotypic information comparing the two cancerous ovaries is limited to a single report with 11 informative cases. We present a series of 32 bilateral ovarian carcinoma cases, analyzed by karyotyping and high-resolution CGH. Our karyotypic findings showed that spreading to the contralateral ovary had occurred in bilateral ovarian cancer cases and that it was a late event in the clonal evolution of the tumors. This was confirmed by the large number of similar changes detected by HR-CGH in the different lesions from the same patient. The chromosomal bands most frequently involved in structural rearrangements were 19p13 (n = 12) and 19q13 (n = 11). The chromosomal bands most frequently gained by both tumorous ovaries were 5p14 (70%), 8q23-24 (65%), 1q23-24 (57%), and 12p12 (48%), whereas the most frequently lost bands were 17p11 (78%), 17p13 (74%), 17p12 (70%), 22q13 (61%), 8p21 and 19q13 (52%), and 8p22-23 (48%). This is the first time that 5p14 is seen gained at such a high frequency in cancer of the ovary; possibly oncogene(s) involved in bilateral ovarian carcinogenesis or tumor progression may reside in this band

Your space or mine? : Mapping self in time

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Retinal blood flow in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and optic disc hemorrhage

Purpose:To investigate total retinal blood flow (TRBF) and retinal blood flow (RBF) in the superior (S) and the inferior (I) retinal hemifields in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) both with and without disc hemorrhage (DH). Methods:RBF measurements were obtained from 10 POAG with DH (mean age 71.7, SD=7.39; 9 females)and 10 age matched POAG without DH (mean age 70, SD = 5.27; 6 females) using Doppler SD-OCT (RTVue; Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA, USA) as well as bi-directional laser Doppler flowmetry with densitometry (CLBF-100, Canon, Tokyo, Japan). TRBF measurements were compared between groups, within group for SRBF and IRBF, and for inter-ocular asymmetry (ANOVA; p<0.05). Correlation between TRBF and age, and TRBF and Mean Deviation of Humphrey automated perimetry were also analyzed. Results:Venous TRBF in the POAG with DH group (n=10, 27.1 μl/min, SD 7) was significantly lower than in the age-matched POAG without DH group (n=10, 38.83 μl/min, SD 10.66, p=0.009). RBF was not significantly different between the superior and inferior hemifields for either POAG with DH (p=0.763) or POAG without DH (p=0.481). In the POAG with DH group, venous TRBF was significantly lower in the DH eye (n=8, 28.73 μl/min, SD 6.87) compared to the contralateral eye without DH (n=8, 38.44 μl/min, SD 7.11, p=0.015). There was no significant difference between IOP, MD, BP, HR and MOPP between the POAG with and without DH groups. Also, there was no significant relationship between age or MD index of automated static perimetry with venous TRBF for the POAG with, and without DH group. Conclusions:Venous TRBF was significantly lower in the POAG with DH group compared to both the POAG without DH group and the contralateral eye of the POAG with DH group. There was no within eye asymmetry when comparing SRBF and IRBF either with or without DH, or when comparing the hemifield with DH to that without

Comparison of United States and Canadian Glaucoma Medication Costs and Price Change from 2006 to 2013

Objective. Compare glaucoma medication costs between the United States (USA) and Canada. Methods. We modelled glaucoma brand name and generic medication annual costs in the USA and Canada based on October 2013 Costco prices and previously reported bottle overfill rates, drops per mL, and wastage adjustment. We also calculated real wholesale price changes from 2006 to 2013 based on the Average Wholesale Price (USA) and the Ontario Drug Benefit Price (Canada). Results. US brand name medication costs were on average 4x more than Canadian medication costs (range: 1.9x–6.9x), averaging a cost difference of $859 annually. US generic costs were on average the same as Canadian costs, though variation exists. US brand name wholesale prices increased from 2006 to 2013 more than Canadian prices (US range: 29%–349%; Canadian range: 9%–16%). US generic wholesale prices increased modestly (US range: −23%–58%), and Canadian wholesale prices decreased (Canadian range: −38%–0%). Conclusions. US brand name glaucoma medications are more expensive than Canadian medications, though generic costs are similar (with some variation). The real prices of brand name medications increased more in the USA than in Canada. Generic price changes were more modest, with real prices actually decreasing in Canada