Factors associated with problem drinking among women employed in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of HIV infection. To determine factors associated with problem drinking, we analyzed data collected in two prospective cohorts of at-risk female food and recreational facility workers in northern Tanzania. METHODS: We enrolled HIV seronegative women aged 18-44 years and employed in the towns of Geita, Kahama, Moshi, and Shinyanga. At enrolment, women were interviewed to obtain information about alcohol use, using CAGE and AUDIT screening scales, and risk factors for HIV infection. Blood and genital samples were collected for detection of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We characterized alcohol use, concordance, and agreement of the scales, and examined the associations between characteristics of participants and problem drinking as defined by both scales using logistic regression. Lastly, we assessed problem drinking as a risk factor for recent sexual behavior and prevalent STIs. RESULTS: Among enrollees, 68% women reported ever drinking alcohol; of these 76% reported drinking alcohol in the past 12 months. The prevalence of problem drinking was 20% using CAGE and 13% using AUDIT. Overall concordance between the scales was 75.0% with a Kappa statistic of 0.58. After adjusting for age, independent factors associated with problem drinking, on both scales, were marital status, occupation, facility type, increasing number of lifetime sexual partners, and transactional sex in the past 12 months. In addition, women who were problem drinkers on either scale were more likely to report having ≥ 1 sexual partner (CAGE: aOR = 1.56, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.10-2.23; AUDIT: aOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.34-3.00) and transactional sex (CAGE: aOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.26-2.56; AUDIT: aOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.04-2.18), in the past 3 months. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that interventions to reduce problem drinking in this population may reduce high-risk sexual behaviors and contribute in lowering the risk of HIV infection

Risk factors of alcohol problem drinking among female bar/hotel workers in Moshi, Tanzania: a multi-level analysis.

There is limited information on alcohol problem drinking, which has been associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among female bar/hotel workers in Africa. This paper aimed to identify the individual- and facility-level determinants of alcohol problem drinking in this setting. Problem drinking was defined based on the CAGE alcohol screening scale. Multi-level logistic regression was used to identify individual- and facility-level factors associated with problem drinking. About 37.3% of women (N = 1629) were classified as having probable or definite problem drinking. In multi-level analysis, main characteristics associated with problem drinking included: having 3-4 partners in the past 5 years compared to having 1-2, used a condom in the last sex comparing to non-use, history of transactional sex, having more pregnancies, and facilities whose employees do not live on the premises. Interventions which combine alcohol and sexual risk reduction counseling are urgently needed in this population

CAGE and AUDIT alcohol screening questions.

<p>¹ A possible score of 4 on the CAGE scale.</p><p>² A possible score of 40 on the AUDIT scale.</p><p>³ Computed using these open-ended questions: (i) On average, how many days do you drink an alcohol-containing beverage in a week? (ii) On average, how many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking?</p

Associations of problem drinking with reported sexual behaviors in the past 3 months and sexually transmitted infections at the time of enrollment in a cohort of women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>¹ A score of ≥2 out of a possible 4 on the CAGE scale.</p><p>² A score of ≥8 out of a possible 40 on the AUDIT scale.</p><p>³ The following potential confounders were considered: age, education, marital status, enrolment site, SES, age at first sex, facility type, occupation, age at first sex, lifetime partners, transactional sex in past 12, and forced sex ever. Age was retained in all models. Variables which changed the age-adjusted OR for the association of problem drinking with each outcome by >10% were retained.</p

Associations between problem drinking (based on CAGE and AUDIT) and long-term sexual behavior, socio-demographic and economic factors at the time of enrollment in a cohort of women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania.

<p>¹ A score of ≥2 out of a possible 4 on the CAGE scale.</p><p>² A score of ≥8 out of a possible 40 on the AUDIT scale.</p><p>³ Adjusted for independent predictors of problem drinking: age group (a priori confounder), marital status, enrolment site, facility type, lifetime sexual partners, transactional sex in past 12 months, and forced sex ever (variables shown in bold).</p><p>⁴ Adjusted for independent predictors of problem drinking: age group (a priori confounder), marital status, occupation, lifetime sexual partners, transactional sex in past 12 months, and forced sex ever (variables shown in bold).</p><p>⁵ Asset index based on household characteristics and assets using principal component analysis.</p><p>⁶ Adjusted for all factors listed in footnote 4, except occupation.</p><p>⁷ Informal food sellers at makeshift facilities.</p><p>⁸ Traditionally brewed alcohol vendors.</p><p>⁹ Adjusted for all factors listed in footnote 3, except facility type.</p