The Use of Swear Words by Junior High School Students 1 at Kotabaru Karawang West Java

Dalam setiap bahasa terdapat kata-kata yang dianggap tidak sopan untuk dikatakan kepada lawan bicara. Kata-kata tersebut mengacu kepada kata-kata yang mengandung makian dan sumpah serapah, serta memiliki konotasi kasar dan tabu untuk diucapkan dalam situasi formal. Dalam era globalisasi ini, banyak remaja khususnya remaja Sekolah menengah Pertama yang menggunakan umpatan dalam komunikasi mereka sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, penulis tergugah untuk menganalisis fenomena penggunaan kata umpatan oleh siswa SMPN 1 di wilayah Kotabaru Karawang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan dan menganalisis penggunaan kata umpatan yang digunakan oleh siswa SMP mengacu kepada teori Sosiolinguistik yang dikemukakan oleh Janet Holmes. Kata-kata umpatan yang diproduksi oleh siswa merupakan penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Penulis mengambil data dengan teknik purposive sampling sehingga penulis mendapat data sebanyak 25 kata umpatan yang dalam pengumpulan datanya dibagi menjadi 2 tahap yaitu wawancara dan observasi. Penulis juga menggunakan teknik Simak Bebas Libat Cakap dan teknik catat ketika mengobservasi tuturan umpatan yang digunakan oleh siswa. Dalam mewawancarai siswa, penulis menggunakan teknik rekam untuk menjaga keaslian data. Dari hasil pengumpulan data, penulis mendapatkan 16 tuturan umpatan yang diperoleh dengan cara mewawancarai siswa dan 9 tuturan umpatan yang diperoleh dengan cara observasi di sekolah. Sebagian besar kata – kata umpatan dituturkan oleh siswa laki – laki. Namun ada beberapa tuturan umpatan yang diproduksi oleh siswa perempuan ketika mengumpat dengan teman sebayanya. Dari hasil observasi, penulis menemukan kata – kata umpatan yang digunakan siswa kepada temannya hanya pada latar informal. Walaupun ada seorang murid yang mengaku bahwa dirinya pernah mengumpat pada saat terdapat guru di dalam kelas, hal itu tidak lebih dari sekedar lelucon belaka. Secara garis besar, topik ketika siswa mengumpat kepada temannya hanya sebagai bahan lelucon. Meskipun ada beberapa tuturan umpatan yang mempunyai topik kemarahan, sebagian besar umpatan yang digunakan siswa mempunyai fungsi ekspresif

The impact of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic on agricultural production and livelihoods in Liberia.

There is unequivocal evidence in the literature that epidemics adversely affect the livelihoods of individuals, households and communities. However, evidence in the literature is dominated by the socioeconomic impacts of HIV/AIDS and malaria, while evidence on the impact of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) on households' livelihoods remains fragmented and scant. Our study investigates the effect of the EVD epidemic on the livelihoods of Liberian households using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF). The study also explores the effect of the EVD epidemic on agricultural production and productive efficiency of farm households using Spatial Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SSFA). We collected data from 623 households across Liberia in 2015, using a systematic random sampling design. Our results indicated that the annual income of sample households from communities where EVD occurred did not differ from the annual income of households from communities where EVD did not occur. Nonetheless, the majority of sample households reported a decrease in their income, compared to their income in the year before the survey. This suggests that the impact of the EVD epidemic might not only have been limited to communities directly affected by the epidemic, but also it may have indirectly affected communities in areas where EVD was not reported. We also found that the community-level incidence of EVD negatively affected crop production of farm households, which may have exacerbated the problem of food insecurity throughout the country. Moreover, we found that the EVD epidemic weakened the society's trust in Liberian institutions. In a nutshell, our results highlight that epidemics, such as the recent EVD outbreak, may have long-lasting negative effects on the livelihoods of a society and their effect may extend beyond the communities directly affected by the epidemics. This means that the nation's recovery from the impact of the epidemic would be more challenging, and the social and economic impacts of the epidemic may extend well beyond the end of the health crisis

Determinants of agricultural production using SSFM.

<p>Determinants of agricultural production using SSFM.</p

Map of Liberia showing county-level [33] and community-level EVD cases.

<p>Map of Liberia showing county-level [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006580#pntd.0006580.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>] and community-level EVD cases.</p

Categories of household assets included in the study and their definition.

<p>Categories of household assets included in the study and their definition.</p

Regression results for the impact of EVD on household income using spatial-lag models.

<p>Regression results for the impact of EVD on household income using spatial-lag models.</p

Regression results for the impact of EVD on social capital using spatial-lag models.

<p>Regression results for the impact of EVD on social capital using spatial-lag models.</p

The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis

<div><p>Bushmeat represents an important source of animal protein for humans in tropical Africa. Unsustainable bushmeat hunting is a major threat to wildlife and its consumption is associated with an increased risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD). During the recent EVD outbreak in West Africa, it is likely that human dietary behavior and local attitudes toward bushmeat consumption changed in response to the crisis, and that the rate of change depended on prevailing socio-economic conditions, including wealth and education. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects of income, education, and literacy on changes in bushmeat consumption during the crisis, as well as complementary changes in daily meal frequency, food diversity and bushmeat preference. More specifically, we tested whether wealthier households with more educated household heads decreased their consumption of bushmeat during the EVD crisis, and whether their daily meal frequency and food diversity remained constant. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to analyze interview data from two nationwide household surveys across Liberia. We found an overall decrease in bushmeat consumption during the crisis across all income levels. However, the rate of bushmeat consumption in high-income households decreased less than in low-income households. Daily meal frequency decreased during the crisis, and the diversity of food items and preferences for bushmeat species remained constant. Our multidisciplinary approach to study the impact of EVD can be applied to assess how other disasters affect social-ecological systems and improve our understanding and the management of future crises.</p></div

Description of the test predictors and fixed-effects control predictor variables or their interactions.

<p>Their measurements, the type of data, data sources, the names of the models they were included in, the hypothesized effects on the response variables, and references to studies that have examined their effects before.</p

The change in the proportion of households consuming different types of meat in a typical meal before and during the Ebola crisis.

<p>The change in the proportion of households consuming different types of meat in a typical meal before and during the Ebola crisis.</p