484 research outputs found
Experimental test and numerical shape optimization of a point pivoted absorber for wave energy conversion
This paper presents a numerical study on an innovative system for converting
energy from waves. It consists of a point pivoted body which oscillates in presence of waves. The
system uses a linear electrical generator which converts floating movements of the
buoyant body into electrical power. The buoyant body floats, describing an arc, by means of two
hinges. A suitable Power Take-off Device (PTO) is placed between buoy support arms and the fixed
structure and has the function to convert the mechanical power of the linear
oscillating motion of the connecting piston into electrical power. A design assumption
is made on the PTO control system: PTO reaction force is assumed to be linearly dependent on piston
oscillation velocity with a given force-speed gain. This coefficient is strictly connected to
electrical generator characteristics and its value has an effect on power conversion
efficiency . A scaled model of this system has also been tested in the wave/towing
tank facility of Department of industrial Engineering (DII) of University of Naples “Federico II”.
A variety of numerical analyses, such as potential flow simulations and Unsteady Reynolds Averaged
Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations, have been performed to predict the system performances.
Numerical and experimental analyses have included the performances of the baseline
geometry, both in free response and under wave excitation, in order to characterize the response of
the system, and results have been used to understand which parameters affect more the power
production. Finally a numerical optimization procedure has been carried out to optimize the
shape of the converter with the final objective of increasing the generated power,
eventually imposing a constraint on the amount of immersed volume. In this way, a modified
configuration has been predicted with higher power output and the same value of
submerged volume, but with different shape
Caldera unrest driven by CO2-induced drying of the deep hydrothermal system
Interpreting volcanic unrest is a highly challenging and non-unique problem at calderas, since large hydrothermal systems may either hide or amplify the dynamics of buried magma(s). Here we use the exceptional ground displacement and geochemical datasets from the actively degassing Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) to show that ambiguities disappear when the thermal evolution of the deep hydrothermal system is accurately tracked. By using temperatures from the CO2-CH4 exchange of 13C and thermodynamic analysis of gas ascending in the crust, we demonstrate that after the last 1982-84 crisis the deep hydrothermal system evolved through supercritical conditions under the continuous isenthalpic inflow of hot CO2-rich gases released from the deep (~8 km) magma reservoir of regional size. This resulted in the drying of the base of the hot hydrothermal system, no more buffered along the liquid-vapour equilibrium, and excludes any shallow arrival of new magma, whose abundant steam degassing due to decompression would have restored liquid-vapour equilibrium. The consequent CO2-infiltration and progressive heating of the surrounding deforming rock volume cause the build-up of pore pressure in aquifers, and generate the striking temporal symmetry that characterizes the ongoing uplift and the post-1984 subsidence, both originated by the same but reversed deformation mechanism
Volcanic hazard assessment at the Campi Flegrei caldera
Previous and new results from probabilistic approaches based on available
volcanological data from real eruptions of Campi Flegrei, are assembled in a comprehensive
assessment of volcanic hazards at the Campi Flegrei caldera, in order to compare the volcanic
hazards related to the different types of events. Hazard maps based on a very wide set of
numerical simulations, produced using field and laboratory data as input parameters relative
to the whole range of fallout and pyroclastic-flow events and their relative occurrence,
are presented. The results allow us to quantitatively evaluate and compare the hazard
related to pyroclastic fallout and density currents (PDCs) in the Campi Flegrei area and its
surroundings, including the city of Naples.
Due to the dominant wind directions, the hazard from fallout mostly affects the area east of
the caldera, and the caldera itself, with the level of probability and expected thickness decreasing
with distance from the caldera and outside the eastern sectors. The hazard from PDCs
decrease roughly radially with distance from the caldera centre and is strongly controlled by
the topographic relief, which produces an effective barrier to propagation of PDCs to the east
and northeast, areas which include metropolitan Naples. The main result is that the metropolitan
area of Naples would be directly exposed to both fallout and PDCs. Moreover, the
level of probability for critical tephra accumulation by fallout is relatively high, even for
moderate-scale events, while, due to the presence of topographic barriers, the hazard from
PDCs is only moderate and mostly associated with the largest events
The Campi Flegrei caldera: unrest mechanisms and hazards
In the last four decades, Campi Flegrei caldera has been the world’s most active
caldera characterized by intense unrest episodes involving huge ground deformation and
seismicity, but, at the time of writing, has not culminated in an eruption. We present a careful
review, with new analyses and interpretation, of all the data and recent research results. We
deal with three main problems: the tentative reconstruction of the substructure; the modelling
of unrest episodes to shed light on possible pre-eruptive scenarios; and the probabilistic
estimation of the hazards from explosive pyroclastic products. The results show, for the first
time at a volcano, that a very peculiar mechanism is generating episodes of unrest, involving
mainly activation of the geothermal system from deeper magma reservoirs. The character and
evolution of unrest episodes is strongly controlled by structural features, like the ring-fault
system at the borders of the caldera collapse. The use of detailed volcanological, mathematical
and statistical procedures also make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of eruptive hazards
in the whole Neapolitan area. The complex behaviour of this caldera, involving interaction
between magmatic and geothermal phenomena, sheds light on the dynamics of the most
dangerous types of volcanoes in the world
Tectonic stress and renewed uplift at Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy: New insights from caldera drilling
Deep drilling is a key tool for the investigation of active volcanoes in the modern Earth Sciences, as this provides the only means to obtain direct information on processes that occur at depth. Data acquired from drilling projects are fundamental to our understanding of volcano dynamics, and for mitigation of the hazards they pose for millions of people who live close to active volcanoes. We present here the first borehole measurement of the stress field in the crust of Campi Flegrei (southern Italy), a large active caldera, and one of the highest risk volcanoes worldwide. Measurements were performed to depths of ∼500 m during a pilot study for the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project. These data indicate an extensional stress field, with a minimum horizontal stress of ca. 75% to 80% of the maximum horizontal stress, which is approximately equal to the vertical stress. The deviation from lithostatic conditions is consistent with a progressive increase in applied horizontal stress during episodes of unrest, since at least 1969. As the stress field is evolving with time, the outcome of renewed unrest cannot be assessed by analogy with previous episodes. Interpretations of future unrest must therefore accommodate the possibility that Campi Flegrei is approaching conditions that are more favourable to a volcanic eruption than has previously been the case. Such long-term accumulation of stress is not expected to be unique to Campi Flegrei, and so might provide a basis for improved forecasts of eruptions at large calderas elsewhere
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