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Liquid droplet formation by HP1α suggests a role for phase separation in heterochromatin.
Gene silencing by heterochromatin is proposed to occur in part as a result of the ability of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) proteins to spread across large regions of the genome, compact the underlying chromatin and recruit diverse ligands. Here we identify a new property of the human HP1α protein: the ability to form phase-separated droplets. While unmodified HP1α is soluble, either phosphorylation of its N-terminal extension or DNA binding promotes the formation of phase-separated droplets. Phosphorylation-driven phase separation can be promoted or reversed by specific HP1α ligands. Known components of heterochromatin such as nucleosomes and DNA preferentially partition into the HP1α droplets, but molecules such as the transcription factor TFIIB show no preference. Using a single-molecule DNA curtain assay, we find that both unmodified and phosphorylated HP1α induce rapid compaction of DNA strands into puncta, although with different characteristics. We show by direct protein delivery into mammalian cells that an HP1α mutant incapable of phase separation in vitro forms smaller and fewer nuclear puncta than phosphorylated HP1α. These findings suggest that heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing may occur in part through sequestration of compacted chromatin in phase-separated HP1 droplets, which are dissolved or formed by specific ligands on the basis of nuclear context
Phenotypic Transition of the Collecting Duct Epithelium in Congenital Urinary Tract Obstruction
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged in recent years as an important process in the development of organ fibrosis in many human diseases. Our previous experience in a nonhuman primate model of obstructive nephropathy suggested that EMT of collecting duct epithelium contributes to the development of interstitial fibrosis. In this study we demonstrate for the first time in humans that obstructed fetal collecting duct epithelium undergoes transition to mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by decreased expression of epithelial markers, de novo expression of mesenchymal markers with subsequent loss of cell-cell interaction, disruption of the basement membrane, and increased deposition of extracellular matrix into the expanded interstitium of the obstructed kidney. The results of this study therefore support the previous findings from animal studies and suggest that EMT of the collecting duct epithelium might contribute to the development of interstitial fibrosis in human fetal obstructive nephropathy
La asociación : revista de primera enseñanza: Año XI Número 541 - (07/07/23)
There have been few new therapies for patients with chronic kidney disease in the last decade. However, the management of patients affected by genetic kidney disease is rapidly evolving. Inherited or genetic kidney disease affects around 10% of adults with end-stage kidney disease and up to 70% of children with early onset kidney disease. Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled rapid and cost-effective sequencing of large amounts of DNA. Next-generation sequencing-based diagnostic tests now enable identification of a monogenic cause in around 20% of patients with early-onset chronic kidney disease. A definitive diagnosis through genomic testing may negate the need for prolonged diagnostic investigations and surveillance, facilitate reproductive planning and provide accurate counselling for at-risk relatives. Genomics has allowed the better understanding of disease pathogenesis, providing prognostic information and facilitating development of targeted treatments for patients with inherited or genetic kidney disease. Although genomic testing is becoming more readily available, there are many challenges to implementation in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary renal genetics clinics serve as a model of how some of these challenges may be overcome. Such clinics are already well established in most parts of Australia, with more to follow in future. With the rapid pace of new technology and gene discovery, collaboration between expert clinicians, laboratory and research scientists is of increasing importance to maximize benefits to patients and health-care systems
Study of in-medium meson properties in Ap, pA and AA collisions
We propose to investigate the in-medium properties of vector mesons
at the normal nuclear density in Ap(pA) collisions and at higher density in AA
collisions at the ITEP accelerator facility TWAC. Using of the inverse Ap
kinematics will permit us to study the meson production in a wide
momentum interval included the not yet explored range of small meson momenta
relative to the projectile nuclei where the mass modification effect in nuclear
matter is expected to be the strongest. Momentum dependence of the in-medium
meson width will be studied in the traditional pA kinematics. We
intend to use the electromagnetic calorimeter for reconstruction of the
meson invariant mass by detecting photons from the decay. The model calculations and simulations with
RQMD generator show feasibility of the proposed experiment. Available now
intensity of the ion beams provides a possibility to collect large statistics
and make decisive conclusion about the meson properties at density of
normal nuclei. At the second stage of the investigation the meson
properties will be studied in AA collisions at higher density. Interpretation
of these measurements will be based on the results obtained in Ap(pA)
interactions. Further investigation of the in-medium properties of light
unflavored and charmed mesons can be performed at ITEP and at GSI(FAIR) where
higher ion energies will be accessible in near future.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, 2 table
On different lagrangian formalisms for vector resonances within chiral perturbation theory
We study the relation of vector Proca field formalism and antisymmetric
tensor field formalism for spin-one resonances in the context of the large N_C
inspired chiral resonance Lagrangian systematically up to the order O(p6) and
give a transparent prescription for the transition from vector to antisymmetric
tensor Lagrangian and vice versa. We also discuss the possibility to describe
the spin-one resonances using an alternative "mixed" first order formalism,
which includes both types of fields simultaneously, and compare this one with
the former two. We also briefly comment on the compatibility of the above
lagrangian formalisms with the high-energy constraints for concrete VVP
correlator.Comment: 34 pages, 3 figure
Spectroscopic, Morphological and Mechanistic Investigation of the Solvent.Promoted Aggregation of Porphyrins Modified in meso-positions by Glucosylated steroids
Solvent-driven aggregation
of a series of porphyrin derivatives was
studied by UV/Vis and circular dichroism
spectroscopy. The porphyrins are
characterised by the presence in the
meso positions of steroidal moieties
further conjugated with glucosyl
groups. The presence of these groups
makes the investigated macrocycles
amphiphilic and soluble in aqueous solvent,
namely, dimethyl acetamide/
water. Aggregation of the macrocycles
is triggered by a change in bulk solvent
composition leading to formation of
large architectures that express supramolecular
chirality, steered by the presence
of the stereogenic centres on the
periphery of the macrocycles. The aggregation
behaviour and chiroptical
features of the aggregates are strongly
dependent on the number of moieties
decorating the periphery of the porphyrin
framework. In particular, experimental
evidence indicates that the
structure of the steroid linker dictates
the overall chirality of the supramolecular
architectures. Moreover, the porphyrin
concentration strongly affects
the aggregation mechanism and the
CD intensities of the spectra. Notably,
AFM investigations reveal strong differences
in aggregate morphology that
are dependent on the nature of the appended
functional groups, and closely
in line with the changes in aggregation
mechanism. The suprastructures
formed at lower concentration show a
network of long fibrous structures
spanning over tens of micrometres,
whereas the aggregates formed at
higher concentration have smaller rodshaped
structures that can be recognised
as the result of coalescence of
smaller globular structures. The fully
steroid substituted derivative forms
globular structures over the whole concentration
range explored. Finally, a rationale
for the aggregation phenomena
was given by semiempirical calculations
at the PM6 level
Generic multiloop methods and application to N=4 super-Yang-Mills
We review some recent additions to the tool-chest of techniques for finding
compact integrand representations of multiloop gauge-theory amplitudes -
including non-planar contributions - applicable for N=4 super-Yang-Mills in
four and higher dimensions, as well as for theories with less supersymmetry. We
discuss a general organization of amplitudes in terms of purely cubic graphs,
review the method of maximal cuts, as well as some special D-dimensional
recursive cuts, and conclude by describing the efficient organization of
amplitudes resulting from the conjectured duality between color and kinematic
structures on constituent graphs.Comment: 42 pages, 18 figures, invited review for a special issue of Journal
of Physics A devoted to "Scattering Amplitudes in Gauge Theories", v2 minor
corrections, v3 added reference
Amplitudes at Weak Coupling as Polytopes in AdS_5
We show that one-loop scalar box functions can be interpreted as volumes of
geodesic tetrahedra embedded in a copy of AdS_5 that has dual conformal
space-time as boundary. When the tetrahedron is space-like, it lies in a
totally geodesic hyperbolic three-space inside AdS_5, with its four vertices on
the boundary. It is a classical result that the volume of such a tetrahedron is
given by the Bloch-Wigner dilogarithm and this agrees with the standard physics
formulae for such box functions. The combinations of box functions that arise
in the n-particle one-loop MHV amplitude in N=4 super Yang-Mills correspond to
the volume of a three-dimensional polytope without boundary, all of whose
vertices are attached to a null polygon (which in other formulations is
interpreted as a Wilson loop) at infinity.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure
Hidden Simplicity of Gauge Theory Amplitudes
These notes were given as lectures at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity,
Strings and Gauge Theory 2010. We describe the structure of scattering
amplitudes in gauge theories, focussing on the maximally supersymmetric theory
to highlight the hidden symmetries which appear. Using the BCFW recursion
relations we solve for the tree-level S-matrix in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory,
and describe how it produces a sum of invariants of a large symmetry algebra.
We review amplitudes in the planar theory beyond tree-level, describing the
connection between amplitudes and Wilson loops, and discuss the implications of
the hidden symmetries.Comment: 46 pages, 15 figures. v2 ref added, typos fixe
In-medium mass from the reaction
Data on the photoproduction of mesons on nuclei have been
re-analyzed in a search for in-medium modifications. The data were taken with
the Crystal Barrel(CB)/TAPS detector system at the ELSA accelerator facility in
Bonn. First results from the analysis of the data set were published by D.
Trnka et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett 94 (2005) 192303 \cite{david}, claiming a
lowering of the mass in the nuclear medium by 14 at normal nuclear
matter density. The extracted line shape was found to be sensitive to
the background subtraction. For this reason a re-analysis of the same data set
has been initiated and a new method has been developed to reduce the background
and to determine the shape and absolute magnitude of the background directly
from the data. Details of the re-analysis and of the background determination
are described. The signal on the target, extracted in the
re-analysis, does not show a deviation from the corresponding line shape on a
target, measured as reference. The earlier claim of an in-medium mass
shift is thus not confirmed. The sensitivity of the line shape to
different in-medium modification scenarios is discussed.Comment: 13 pages and 11 figures, submitted for publicatio
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