Karakterisasi Dan Aktivitas Katalitik Berbagai Variasi Komposisi Katalis Ni Dan Znbr2 Dalam γ-Al2o3 Untuk Isomerisasi Dan Hidrogenasi (R)-(+)-sitronelal

Pengaruh sifat dan karakter berbagai variasi komposisi katalis Ni dan ZnBr2 yang terimpregnasi dalam γ-Al2O3 terhadap aktivitas dan selektivitasnya untuk reaksi isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi (R)-(+)-Sitronelal telah dilakukan. Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat tiga jenis variasi komposisi Ni dan ZnBr2 dalam γ-Al2O3, yaitu: A1=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (3:2), A2=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (1:1) dan A3=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (2:3). Katalis dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, dan SEM-EELS. Luas area permukaan spesifik dan porositasnya ditentukan berdasarkan adsorption-desorption gas nitrogen pada 77 K. Distribusi dan volume pori ditentukan dengan desorption isotherm pada P/Po ≥ 0,3. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara karakter dan sifat katalis dengan aktivitas katalitiknya terhadap produk isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi (R)-(+)-Sitronelal. Uji aktivitas dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor mini dengan 0,5 g katalis dan 3 mL (R)-(+)-Sitronelal menggunakan atmosfir gas N2 dan/atau H2 dalam waktu 5 dan 24 jam masing-masing pada suhu 90 dan 120 °C. Komposisi katalis, pemilihan jenis atmosfir gas dan suhu sangat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas dan selektivitas pembentukan produk isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi. Konversi (R)-(+)-Sitronelal tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh katalis A3=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (2:3) dengan kondisi reaksi selama 5 jam (4 jam N2 + 1 jam H2) pada suhu 90 °C dan 24 jam (4 jam N2 + 20 jam H2) pada suhu 120 °C. The influence of catalyst properties and characteristics of Ni and ZnBr2 catalysts impregnated in γ-Al2O3 on the activity and selectivity of (R)-(+)-Citronellal isomerisation and hydrogenation has been done. In this study, there were three sets of Ni and ZnBr2 in γ-Al2O3 with various composition, they were A1=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (3:2), A2=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (1:1), A3=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (2:3). The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and SEM-EELS. The catalysts spesific surface area and porosity determined by adsorption-desorption of dinitrogen at 77 K. Pore distribution and volume were determined by the desorption isotherm at P/Po ≥ 0.3. The result showed that there was correlation between the catalyst characteristics and catalytic activity to (R)-(+)-Citronellal isomerisation and hydrogenation product. The activity test were performed in a mini fixed bed reactor with 0.5 g of catalyst and 3 mL of (R)-(+)-Citronellal using N2 and/or H2 gas atmosphere in 5 and 24 hours at each temperature 90 and 120 oC. The catalyst composition of the choice of gas atmosphere and temperature greatly influenced the activity as well as the selectivity of isomerisation and hydrogenation product formation. The highest conversion was achieved for A3=Ni/ZnBr2/γ-Al2O3 (2:3) with complete conversion of (R)-(+)-Citronellal were obtained when it was running in 5 hours (4 hours N2 + 1 hour H2) at 90 oC and 24 hours (4 hours N2 + 20 hour H2) at 120 oC

Pembuatan, Karakterisasi dan Uji Aktivitas Katalis Nimo/z dan Nimo/z-nb2o5 pada Reaksi Hidrorengkah Fraksi Sampah Plastik Menjadi Fraksi Bensin

Activity test of NiMo/active natural zeolite (Z) and NiMo/Z-Nb2O5 catalysts for hydrocracking of waste plastic fraction polyprophylene (PP) type were done. Catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, then were calcined at 500oC, oxidized and reduced at 400oC under nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen stream, respectively. The characterization of catalysts including spesific surface area, average pore radius, and total pore volume were determined by gas sorption analyzer, amount of total acid sites was determined by gas sorption method, and acid site strength was confirmed by IR sepectroscopy. The hydrocracking process was carried out in a semi-flow reactor system at 360oC and catalyst/feed ratio 0.5 under hydrogen stream (150 mL/hour). The feed was vaporized from the pyrolisis reactor into the hydrocracking reactor. A liquid product was collected and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The characterization results showed that spesific surface area, average pore radius, and total pore volume of the Z sample decreased after loading of the metal and Nb2O5. Amount of total acid sites of the catalysts were higher than that of the Z sample. The activity of catalysts followed the order of NiMo/Z>NiMo/Z-Nb2O5>Z (conversion of hydrocarbon C>12) and NiMoZ>NiMo/Z-Nb2O5>Z (total yield gasoline fraction). The selectivity of catalysts for C7-C8 product followed the order of NiMo/Z-Nb2O5>Z>NiMo/Z. Loading of Nb2O5 significantly affected the selectivity of C7-C8 product. Keywords: activity, polyprophylene, catalyst, gasoline fractio

Sintesis Cu(II)/Silika dengan Metode Sol-Gel sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Escherichia Coli dan Staphylococcus Aureus

Telah dilakukan sintesis Cu(II)/silika dengan metode sol-gel sebagai material antibakteri terhadap Esherichia coli (E.coli) dan Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). Proses sol-gel dilakukan dengan mereaksikan TEOS, H2O, HCl, etilen glikol dan CuCl2 Konsentrasi CuCl2 divariasi 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1; dan 1,25 M. Perlakuan pemanasan pada proses sol-gel dilakukan dengan variasi kombinasi microwave dan oven. Proses aging dilakukan selama 24 jam. Cu(II)/silika dikarakterisasi dengan metode Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), difraksi sinar-X (XRD), dan Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Konsentrasi ion Cu(II) yang lepas dari Cu(II)/silika ditentukan dengan Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Kandungan Cu pada Cu(II)/silika ditentukan dengan X-Ray Fluoresence (XRF). Porositas Cu(II)/silika ditentukan melalui adsorpsi monolayer gas N2. Uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan menghitung jumlah bakteri yang masih hidup setelah kontak dengan Cu(II)/silika melalui metode plate count.Hasil analisis XRF menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi CuCl2 0,25 M memberikan kandungan Cu yang optimum dalam Cu(II)/silika sebesar 38,4%. Cu(II)/silika A yang disintesis dengan pemanasan pada oven 150oC selama 3 jam setelah dikeringkan dengan microwave dan melalui proses aging menghasilkan Cu(II)/silika optimum karena menunjukkan konsentrasi ion Cu(II) yang paling sedikit lepas dari Cu(II)/silika setelah dianalisis dengan AAS yaitu sebesar 10,35%. Cu(II)/silika dengan konsentrasi 163 ppm mampu membunuh E.coli dan S.aureus dari konsentrasi 1,5x106 CFU/mL menjadi 0 CFU/mL dengan waktu kontak selama 2 jam, sedangkan silika dengan konsentrasi yang sama tidak menunjukkan efek antibakteri terhadap E.coli maupun S.aureus

KARAKTERISASI DAN AKTIVITAS KATALITIK BERBAGAI VARIASI KOMPOSISI KATALIS Ni DAN ZnBr2 DALAM Γ-Al2O3 UNTUK ISOMERISASI DAN HIDROGENASI (R)-(+)-SITRONELAL

<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo">Pengaruh sifat dan karakter berbagai variasi komposisi katalis Ni dan ZnBr₂ yang terimpregnasi dalam γ-Al₂O₃ terhadap aktivitas dan selektivitasnya untuk reaksi isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi (<em>R</em>)-(+)-Sitronelal telah dilakukan. Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat tiga jenis variasi komposisi Ni dan ZnBr₂dalam γ-Al₂O₃, yaitu: A₁=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(3:2), A₂=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) dan A₃=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(2:3). Katalis dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) <em>surface area</em>, dan SEM-EELS. Luas area permukaan spesifik dan porositasnya ditentukan berdasarkan <em>adsorption-desorption</em> gas nitrogen pada 77 K. Distribusi dan volume pori ditentukan dengan <em>desorption isotherm</em> pada P/Po ≥ 0,3. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara karakter dan sifat katalis dengan aktivitas katalitiknya terhadap produk isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi (<em>R</em>)-(+)-Sitronelal. Uji aktivitas dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor mini dengan 0,5 g katalis dan 3 mL (<em>R</em>)-(+)-Sitronelal menggunakan atmosfir gas N₂ dan/atau H₂ dalam waktu 5 dan 24 jam masing-masing pada suhu 90 dan 120 °C. Komposisi katalis, pemilihan jenis atmosfir gas dan suhu sangat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas dan selektivitas pembentukan produk isomerisasi dan hidrogenasi. Konversi (<em>R</em>)-(+)-Sitronelal tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh katalis A₃=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(2:3) dengan kondisi reaksi selama 5 jam (4 jam N₂ + 1 jam H₂) pada suhu 90 °Cdan 24 jam (4 jam N₂ + 20 jam H₂) pada suhu 120 °C.</p><p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"> </p><p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><em>The influence of catalyst properties and characteristics of Ni and ZnBr₂catalysts impregnated in γ-Al₂O₃ on the activity and selectivity of (R)-(+)-Citronellal isomerisation and hydrogenation has been done. In this study, there were three sets of Ni and ZnBr₂ in γ-Al₂O₃with various composition, they were A₁=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(3:2), A₂=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1), A₃=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(2:3). The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and SEM-EELS. The catalysts spesific surface area and porosity determined by adsorption-desorption of dinitrogen at 77 K. Pore distribution and volume were determined by the desorption isotherm at P/Po ≥ 0.3. The result showed that there was correlation between the catalyst characteristics and catalytic activity to (R)-(+)-Citronellal isomerisation and hydrogenation product. The activity test were performed in a mini fixed bed reactor with 0.5 g of catalyst and 3 mL of (R)-(+)-Citronellal using N₂ and/or H₂ gas atmosphere in 5 and 24 hours at each temperature 90 and 120 ^oC. The catalyst composition of the choice of gas atmosphere and temperature greatly influenced the activity as well as the selectivity of isomerisation and hydrogenation product formation. The highest conversion was achieved for A₃=Ni/ZnBr₂/γ-Al₂O₃(2:3) with complete conversion of (R)-(+)-Citronellal were obtained when it was running in 5 hours (4 hours N₂ + 1 hour H₂) at 90 ^oC and 24 hours (4 hours N₂ + 20 hour H₂) at 120 ^oC. </em></p

The Effect of Calcination Temperature on Silica-Alumina Character from Lapindo Mud Extract by Template Catfish Bones Gelatin

Synthesis of silica-alumina mesoporous with the material based on Lapindo mud by template gelatin from catfish bones using the sol-gel method has been performed. Lapindo mud contains Al and Si as much as 48.8 and 22.6 % so can be leached. The leaching by HCl 6 M and NaOH 6M obtained dissolved Al and Si were 30,938 and 62,300 mg L-1. The gelatin from catfish bones has typed with a molecular weight of 100 kDa. The Mesoporous Si-Al showed that calcination at a temperature of 500°C gave the best porosity with surface area, volume, and pore diameter of 133.076 m2g-1, 0.564 cc g-1, and 9.00 nm, respectively. The amorphous Si-Al character showed at 500°C calcination, but at 600 and 700°C crystals formed from alumina. TEM image showed mesoporous silica-alumina at 500∘C a wormhole pore was formed, while at temperatures 600 and 700°C, there was a decrease in the number of pores so that the surface area of the material becomes smal