THE LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR ON KINSHIP ADDRESSES BY JAVANESE SPEAKERS

The various kinship address pairs are found in the domain of a nuclear family in relationships a husband and wife namely bapak-ibu, mas-dik, bapak-emak, bapak-mbok, ayah-ibu, bapak/ayah/mas-a nick name of child or a nick name of a wife. The factors influence the uses of this pair are not only sex but also the speaker’s status such as economy, education, etc; city or rural areas, speaker’s mobility, speaker’s opinion, familiarity, prestigious, education, and meaning which contains in a kinship address. In this husband-wife relationship, social attributes are commonly used by a husband to his wife and by a wife to her husband, contrast to English speakers in western countries. Then, the use of dedek is because of age for small children but mas/mbak, dik, pak/bulek, pak/bude, etc are because of other partisipants in nuclear and extended families. Mbah in an extended family and non-family is not completely age to be considered in usage but putu or grandchild. In various nuclear families, mas/mbak-dik appears in the family whose (a) parent(s) profession are/is (a) teacher(s) on Islamic lesson and their activity in Islam whereas others who have different profession and activity use mas/mbak-proper name and family in the lowest class does not use these social attributes at all. Furthermore, this research also reveals that ngajari not only for educating smooth language to small children but also for educating the uses of kinship addresses to small children, children, and teens who are involved or not involved in the communication. Finally, the kinship addresses are chosen based on socio, pragmatic, and religious factors which are the culture of Javanese speakers.Beragam pasangan alamat kekerabatan ditemukan dalam ranah keluarga inti dalam hubungan suami-istri yaitu bapak-ibu, mas-dik, bapak-emak, bapak-mbok, ayah-ibu, bapak / ayah / mas nama panggilan anak atau nama panggilan seorang istri. Faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan pasangan ini tidak hanya jenis kelamin tetapi juga status pembicara seperti ekonomi, pendidikan, dll; kota atau pedesaan, mobilitas penutur, pendapat penutur, keakraban, prestisius, pendidikan, dan makna yang terkandung dalam sapaan kekerabatan. Dalam hubungan suami-istri ini atribut sosial biasanya digunakan oleh suami kepada istri dan oleh istri kepada suaminya, berbeda dengan penutur bahasa Inggris di negara barat.  Kemudian penggunaan dedek karena umur untuk anak kecil tetapi mas / mbak, dik, pak / bulek, pak / bude, dll karena peserta lain dalam keluarga inti dan keluarga besar. Mbah dalam keluarga besar dan bukan keluarga tidak sepenuhnya dianggap umur dalam pemakaian tetapi putu atau cucu. Dalam berbagai rumpun inti, mas / mbak-dik muncul dalam keluarga yang orang tuanya berprofesi sebagai guru dalam pelajaran agama Islam dan kegiatannya dalam Islam sedangkan yang lain yang berbeda profesi dan kegiatan menggunakan Nama mas / mbak-tepat dan keluarga di kelas paling bawah tidak menggunakan atribut sosial ini sama sekali. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini juga mengungkapkan bahwa ngajari tidak hanya untuk mendidik kelancaran bahasa kepada anak kecil tetapi juga untuk mendidik penggunaan sapaan kekeluargaan kepada anak kecil, anak, dan remaja yang terlibat atau tidak terlibat dalam komunikasi. Terakhir, alamat kekerabatan dipilih berdasarkan faktor sosial, pragmatis, dan agama yang menjadi budaya penutur bahasa Jawa

PORTRAYAL OF BALINESE WOMEN IN OKA RUSMINI’S EARTH DANCE: A FEMINIST APPROACH

This undergraduate thesis analyzed the Balinese women in Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini. The writer chose this novel because this novel describes the gender inequalities suffered by Balinese women and kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities by feminist approach, which in this undergraduate thesis the elaboration of the approach employed radical feminist that is radical feminist. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method. Collecting data in this research is done by reading some books, reading some journals, and searching information on the internet. The aims of the research are to describe the kinds of gender inequality against Balinese women and to describe the kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities in the novel Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini. The results of the research are; first, violence, unfaithful, stereotype, and double burden are the kinds of gender inequality experienced by the Balinese women; and second, celibacy, lesbian, and resist the custom are the kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities in Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini.Keywords: Feminism, Radical Feminist, inequality, resistance, Balinese women, Earth Dance

PEMILIHAN DAN PERGESERAN KOSAKATA DARI RAGAM NGOKO KE KROMO DAN SEBALIKNYA DALAM KATA SAPAAN KERABAT BAHASA JAWA ISOLEK(ANALISIS SOSIOLINGUISTIK)The Choices and Shifts on Linguistc Styles from Ngoko to Kromo and Vice Versa in Kinship Address Forms of Isolect Javanese Language (Analysis of Sociolinguistics)

SUGENG TRIJANTO. Pemilihan dan Pergeseran Kosakata dari Ragam Ngoko ke Kromo dan Sebaliknya dalam Kata Sapaan Kerabat Bahasa Jawa Isolek (Analisis Sosiolinguistik) (Dibimbing oleh Hamzah Machmoed, Martin L. Manda, Mustafa Makka) Penelitian ini berrtujuan: untuk menemukan variasi bentuk kata ganti orang pertama dan kedua termasuk kata sapaan kerabat dengan faktor sosialnya; menjelaskan pergeseran kosakata dari ragam ngoko ke kromo dan sebaliknya, dan dari bahasa Jawa (BJ) ke bahasa lainnya beserta tujuannya; dan menjelaskan pemertahanan bahasa, menemukan strategi kesantunan, dan menemukan kesalahan komunikasi pada mayarakat tutur. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode observasi langsung ke tempat penelitian, sebagaimana yang diterapkan pada penelitian sosiologi dan budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi bentuk kata ganti orang termasuk kata sapaan kerabat dipengaruhi oleh status, keakraban, perasaan, dan kegiatan. Tujuan pergeseran bahasa sangat bertalian dengan perasaan dan kegiatan. Pemertahanan bahasa dipengaruhi oleh kehidupan tradisional seperti: lingkungan fisik, nilai sosial, dan keagamaan. Strategi kesantunan digunakan oleh penutur ke mitra tutur untuk menghindari kesalahan komunikasi. Kesalahan komunikasi ini dapat menyebabkan konflik antara individu, keluarga, dan kelompok penutur. Kata kunci: pemilihan dan faktor sosial, pergeseran dan tujuan, pemertahanan, strategi kesantunan, nilai sosial, konflik ABSTRACT SUGENG TRIJANTO. The Choices and Shifts on Linguistc Styles from Ngoko to Kromo and Vice Versa in Kinship Address Forms of Isolect Javanese Language (Analysis of Sociolinguistics) (Supervised by Hamzah Machmoed, Martin L. Manda, Mustafa Makka)The purposes of this research are to find out various forms of personal pronouns for the first and second persons included kinship addresses with their social factors, to explain the shifts from ngoko to kromo and vice versa and from Javanese language to other languages with their motivations, to explain the language maintenance, to find out politeness strategies, and to find out the failures of communication in the speech community. A method of research which is used is qualitative description which primary data collected especially by using direct observation method to the field of research as the practices of sociological and cultural researches. The results of this research show that various forms of the personal pronouns included the kinship addresses influenced by status, intimateness, feeling, and activity. The purposes of language shifts are closely related to feeling and activity. The language maintenance is influenced by traditional life such as physical environment, social values, and religiousness. And politeness strategies are used to reduce the failure of communication which the failure of communication can cause conflict between individuals, families, and groups of speakers.Keywords: choices and social factors, shifts and purposes, maintenance, politeness, social values, conflictxi, 180 hlm., 29 cm