Diachronous exhumation of HP-LT metamorphic rocks from southwestern Alps: evidence from fission-track analysis

International audienceNew fission-track ages on zircon and apatite (ZFT and AFT) from the southwestern alpine paleo-accretionary wedge document a contrasting cooling history from east to west. In the eclogitic Monviso ophiolites, the ZFT ages are 19.6 +/- 0.8 Ma and the AFT ages are 8.6 +/- 1.7 Ma. In the HT-blueschist eastern Queyras, ZFT ages range from 27.0 +/- 1.5 Ma to 21.7 +/- 1.6 Ma and AFT ages from 14.2 +/- 2.0 to 9.4 +/- 1.1 Ma. In the LT-blueschist western Queyras, ZFT ages are between 94.7 +/- 3.1 Ma and 63.1 +/- 2.9 Ma and AFT ages are between 22.2 +/- 1.6 and 22.6 +/- 1.5 Ma. The Chenaillet ophiolite yields ages of 118.1 +/- 3.7 Ma on ZFT and of 67.9 +/- 8.5 Ma on AFT. These new FT data combined with petrological and geochronological constraints record a diachronous exhumation in the paleo-accretionary wedge during subduction and collision

Diachronous evolution of the alpine continental subduction wedge: evidence from P-T estimates in the Briançonnais Zone houillère (France - Western Alps).

International audienceThe study of continental subduction processes requires detailed Pressure Temperature (P-T) paths to understand the kinematic of burial and exhumation of continental units. In the French Western Alps, the Briançonnais zone is a remnant of the continental subduction wedge. P-T conditions have been estimated in its most internal parts, but there is a lack of data in the western part, known as the "Zone houillère". This Briançonnais Zone houillère is classically divided into two sub-units: the upper and lower Houiller units. This study focuses on both of these in the Clarée valley, north of Briançon. In this low-grade metamorphic terrain, estimation of P-T history is complicated because there are few adapted methods and these rocks have a poor metamorphic mineralogical content, including detrital metamorphic minerals inherited from their hercynian history. Therefore, to acquire accurate P-T estimates a multi-method approach is required, involving qualitative and quantitative Raman study of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM), chemical analysis from quantified X-ray maps and thermodynamic modelling of chlorites and K-white micas. Such multi-approach P-T estimates on a sandstone sample allow distinguishing hercynian peak metamorphic conditions of 371 ± 26°C and 3.5 ± 1.4 kbar and alpine peak metamorphic conditions of 275 ± 23°C and 5.9 ± 1.7 kbar. These results are consistent with our RSCM and Tmax estimates. Raman study conducted on organic-rich schist samples shows an eastward increase of the alpine Tmax in the upper Houiller unit, from 280 to 300°C across the Briançonnais Zone houillère. In contrast, carbonaceous material included in detrital grains of muscovite in the sandstone exhibits higher temperatures. This hercynian Tmax is estimated using thermodynamic modelling at 376 ± 50°C. According to these results and previous work in more internal parts of the Briançonnais zone, a geodynamic reconstruction is proposed, which is characterized by a diachronous evolution of the Briançonnais zone involved in alpine continental subduction at different times. The geothermal gradient in the Briançonnais zone changes from 8°C/km during early continental subduction, to 40°C/km during the collisional event at about 35-30 Ma. The intermediate gradient of 15°C/km estimated in the Briançonnais Zone houillère suggests that this unit was buried later, than the more internal Briançonnais units, after 40 Ma

Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview

The Western Alps' active tectonics is characterized by ongoing widespread extension in the highest parts of the belt and transpressive/compressive tectonics along its borders. We examine these contrasting tectonic regimes using a multidisciplinary approach including seismotectonics, numerical modeling, GPS, morphotectonics, fieldwork, and brittle deformation analysis. Extension appears to be the dominant process in the present-day tectonic activity in the Western Alps, affecting its internal areas all along the arc. Shortening, in contrast, is limited to small areas located along at the outer borders of the chain. Strike-slip is observed throughout the Alpine realm and in the foreland. The stress-orientation pattern is radial for σ3 in the inner, extensional zones, and for σ1 in the outer, transcurrent/tranpressional ones. Extensional areas can be correlated with the parts of the belt with the thickest crust. Quantification of seismic strain in tectonically homogeneous areas shows that only 10-20% of the geodesy-documented deformation can be explained by the Alpine seismicity. We propose that, Alpine active tectonics are ruled by isostasy/buoyancy forces rather than the ongoing shortening along the Alpine Europe/Adria collision zone. This interpretation is corroborated by numerical modeling. The Neogene extensional structures in the Alps formed under increasingly brittle conditions. A synthesis of paleostress tensors for the internal parts of the West-Alpine Arc documents major orogen-parallel extension with a continuous change in σ3 directions from ENE-WSW in the Simplon area, to N-S in the Vanoise area and to NNW-SSE in the Briançon area. Minor orogen-perpendicular extension increases from N to S. This second signal correlates with the present-day geodynamics as revealed by focal-plane mechanisms analysis. The orogen-parallel extension could be related to the opening of the Ligurian Sea during the Early-Middle Miocene and to compression/rotation of the Adriatic indenter inducing lateral extrusio

Reconstitution de la morphogenèse Oligocène-Miocène des Alpes occidentales par une approche pluridisciplinaire

Le but de cette thèse est l'utilisation d'une approche multidisciplinaire qui combine des techniques d'analyse pétrologique, de la géochimie et de la thermochronologie afin de reconstituer l'évolution des Alpes occidentales pendant l'Oligocène et le Miocène et d'en déduire les implications géodynamiques. Ces techniques permettent à la fois d'identifier le bassin de drainage des sédiments et les taux d'exhumation dans ce bassin de drainage. L'enregistrement de cette évolution est préservé dans les bassins d'avant pays de chaque côté des Alpes occidentales en France et en Italie. Les techniques d'analyse pétrologique utilisées ici sont l'observation macroscopique, l'observation en lames minces, l'analyse par spectromètre Raman et l'étude de minéraux lourds. De nombreuses études ont été réalisées afin d'analyser les minéraux lourds des bassins alpins. Celles-ci permettent de déterminer la provenance des minéraux. Lors de ce projet, nous avons réalisé des analyses Raman sur des serpentinites permettant de distinguer les différents types de serpentinites. Or les Alpes internes montrent une gradation du métamorphisme croissant vers l'est, qui implique une variation des types de serpentinites vers l'est (association lizardites et antigorites dans les zones de basse température, antigorites exclusivement dans les zones de haute température). L'analyse de l'arrivée des différents types de serpentinites de part et d'autre de la chaîne permet de définir la position des réseaux de drainage dans les Alpes internes et de positionner la ligne de partage des eaux. La géochimie sur les basaltes détritiques permet d'analyser le type de basaltes et donc d'identifier leurs sources. Des basaltes non métamorphiques ont été identifiés en quantité importante dans les bassins d'avant-pays côté français démontrant la répartition importante de matériels océaniques obduits sur les Alpes internes à l'Oligocène. Les âges de thermochronologie détritique comparés à l'âge de dépôt permettent de déterminer le lag-time et donc le taux d'exhumation maximum de la zone érodée. En effet, la modélisation des isothermes permet de déterminer un taux d'exhumation à partir du lag-time. L'analyse des taux d'exhumation le long de la colonne stratigraphique à Barrême montre un pulse d'exhumation à partir d'une période très brève dans le temps : 30+-1 Ma à des taux d'exhumation compris entre 1,5 à 2 km/Ma, qui correspond à la mise en place des Alpes internes. Ces taux d'exhumation correspondent à des taux d'exhumation importants mais inférieurs à ce que l'on peut trouver dans l'Himalaya actuellement. Ils sont toutefois comparables à l'activité d'exhumation dans des montagnes jeunes. De récents travaux de modélisation montrent que le retrait de slab peut être consécutif à une rupture de slab profond. Notre équipe propose que dans les Alpes occidentales, la rupture et le retrait de slab a permis la mise en place du corps d'Ivrea comme un poinçon au dessus du slab.The aim of this dissertation was to use a multidisciplinary approach, combining petrologic, geochemical and geo-thermochronologic analyses, to reconstruct the topographic and exhumational evolution of the Western Alps during Oligocene and Early Miocene times, in relation to regional geodynamic events. Because the sedimentary record of this evolution is preserved in the foreland basins on the both sides of the Western Alps in France and Italy, this approach allows identifying sediment provenance and exhumation rates in the drainage areas. Petrological analyses used here were macroscopic observations in the field (pebbles counts), thin section analyses, and Raman spectrometry on detrital serpentinite pebbles and serpentine sand grains. The different serpentine species (antigorite, lizardite etc.), can be traced back to specific source lithologies because the metamorphic grade of the rocks exposed in the Western Alps increases eastward, with antigorite (HT serpentine) bearing rocks in the eastern piedmont complex and mixed lizardite-antigorite (LT serpentine) in the western piedmont complex. Analysis of serpentine species in the foreland basin deposits on both sides of the Alps allows determining changes in the paleo-Durance and paleo-Dora Riparia drainage areas and the position of the drainage divide, which have not changed since the Early Miocene. Major and trace element analyses of non-metamorphic basalt pebbles from the Barrême basin hint at the Chenaillet (or equivalent) obducted ophiolite in the internal Western Alps as the most likely source. Fission-track (FT) analysis of detrital apatite and zircon were used to determine maximum and average exhumation rates during the Oligocene. A pulse of fast erosional exhumation at about 30+-1 Ma had rates on the order of 1.5-2 km/Myr, while average rates were about 0.2-0.3 km/Myr. FT and U/Pb double dating of single zircons show that the signal of fast exhumation is not an artifact caused by volcanic contamination at around 30 Ma. The rapid creation of high relief and associated exhumation rates are related to isostatic surface uplift after slab break-off beneath the Western Alps at 35-30 Ma, followed by slab retreat which allowed emplacement of the Ivrea body vertical indenter that supports the high topography in the internal Western Alps.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Source tracing of detrital serpentinite in the Oligocene molasse deposits from the western Alps (Barrême basin): implications for relief formation in the internal zone.

International audienceWe present the first contribution of tracing the source area of ophiolitic detritus in the Alpine molasses by Raman spectroscopy. The lower Oligocene molasse deposits preserved in the Barrême basin, in the SW foreland of the western Alpine arc, are known for the sudden arrival of the first "exotic" detritus coming from the internal Alpine zones. Among them, the pebbles of serpentinized peridotites have so far not been studied. We show that they only consist of antigorite serpentinite, implying that they originate from erosion of HT-blueschists. In contrast, the upper Oligocene/lower Miocene molasse, shows mixed clasts of serpentine including antigorite and lizardite without any evidence of chrysotile. This suggests that they were derived from a less metamorphosed unit such as the LT-blueschist unit. Taking into account the sediment transport direction in the basin and the varied metamorphic characteristics of the other ocean-derived detritus, we constrain the lithological nature of the source zones and the location of the relief zones, identified as the internal Alps, SE of the Pelvoux external crystalline massif. Available structural data and in situ thermochronological data allow reconstructing the Oligocene to early Miocene collisional geometry of the Paleogene subduction wedge. This phase corresponds to two major phases of uplift evolving from a single relief zone located above the Ivrea body during the early Oligocene and persisting up to the early Miocene; then during the late Oligocene/early Miocene a second relief zone developed above the Briançonnais zone. At that time, the internal western Alps acquired its double vergency

Hannibal's trek across the alps: Geomorphological Analysis of sites of geoarchaeological interest

International audienceA ~2200 year-old question related to Hannibal's invasion route across the Alps into Italia, has been argued by classicists without recovery of material evidence. A comparison of topographical descriptions in the ancient literature with environmental parameters in the Alps, attempted here for the first time, provides a database against which various pathways can be assessed. Identification of sites using geological, geomorphological, astronomical, chemical and petrological methods leads to the exclusion of certain transit points and targeting of others where geoarchaeological excavation might yield important evidence related to the military culture of ancient Carthage