The Production of Gelatin from Snapper Scales (Lutjanus camphecanus Sp.) through Enzymatic Pretreatment

Fish wastes such as fish bones and scales have a potential to be used as a gelatin source. It can be used as an alternative material to replace pork or bovine which ordinarily conflicted with religion issue. Gelatin from fish has different characteristics compared with mammalian source. It has several advantageous properties such as high amount of hydrophobic amino acids, less proline and hydroxy proline, lower gelling ability, and melting point. In this study, gelatin was produced from fish waste especially snapper scales using the bromelain enzyme at the pre-treatment stage to improve its characteristic. The snapper scales soaking in hot water at 80⁰C for about 30 minutes to remove the fat which attached the scales. A pre-treatment has been conducted using bromelain enzyme solution at various concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% for 6 hours to remove non-collagenous proteins and loosen the bonds of the fish scales. The next step is demineralization using a 15% concentration of citric acid solution for 3 days. The ossein formed in the demineralization stage was then hydrolyzed at 50⁰C and 70⁰C for 9 hours with stirring at 300 rpm. The best gelatin yield was obtained from the pretreatment of bromelain enzyme solution with a concentration of 3% at a hydrolysis temperature of 70⁰C with a yield of 9.13%, pH value of 3.86, water content of 8%, ash content of 0.80%. FTIR spectra shows the presence of functional groups correspond to gelatin formation, such as carbon, hydrogen, hydroxyl group (O-H), carbonyl group (C=O), amine group (N-H) and alkene group (C=C). The heavy metal content test showed that the gelatin contained no heavy metal content of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As)

Modifikasi Pati Secara Asetilasi dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Bahan Dasar Filamen Jaring Ikan Ramah Lingkungan

Fishing nets are generally made of synthetic polyamides such as nylon. The use of nylon nets has negative impacts, such as habitat destruction. So it is necessary to consider the use of biodegradable nets. One of the potential natural materials that can be used as eco-friendly fishing net filaments is starch. The research aims to modify cassava and corn starch by acetylation method to improve their characteristics. Starch modification was carried out by adding acetic acid with variable concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% into the starch. Modified starch was analysis for water content, swelling power, solubility, and FTIR. In the manufacture of filaments using modified corn 15% with a test result of 0.04; 0.13; 0.05. The results of the FTIR analysis showed a combined functional group between HDPE and starch at wave numbers 2922.2cm-1 and 1371.7cm-1. Starch content has an effect on reducing the weight of filament degradation. SEM analysis showed that the compatibility of the filament with the addition of MA increased but the internal structure of the filament gradually expanded with increasing starch content. The results of the analysis of tensile strength and elongation at break of the filament are 1.81 kgf and 119.77

Modifikasi Pati Secara Asetilasi dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Bahan Dasar Filamen Jaring Ikan Ramah Lingkungan

Fishing nets are generally made of synthetic polyamides such as nylon. The use of nylon nets has negative impacts, such as habitat destruction. So it is necessary to consider the use of biodegradable nets. One of the potential natural materials that can be used as eco-friendly fishing net filaments is starch. The research aims to modify cassava and corn starch by acetylation method to improve their characteristics. Starch modification was carried out by adding acetic acid with variable concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% into the starch. Modified starch was analysis for water content, swelling power, solubility, and FTIR. In the manufacture of filaments using modified corn 15% with a test result of 0.04; 0.13; 0.05. The results of the FTIR analysis showed a combined functional group between HDPE and starch at wave numbers 2922.2cm-1 and 1371.7cm-1. Starch content has an effect on reducing the weight of filament degradation. SEM analysis showed that the compatibility of the filament with the addition of MA increased but the internal structure of the filament gradually expanded with increasing starch content. The results of the analysis of tensile strength and elongation at break of the filament are 1.81 kgf and 119.77

Effect of Synthesis Temperature on Adsorbent Performance of Blending Anionic and Cationic Gels in Divalent Metal Ions Adsorption

In this study, the anionic and cationic gels were synthesized separately using copolymerization between N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid or chitosan through a polymerization reaction using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a cross-linker with various monomer concentrations and synthesis temperature. The anionic and cationic gels were blended to minimize inter-intra particle association and to improve the adsorption ability. The FTIR analysis found that the synthesis of the NIPAM-co-acrylic acid and NIPAM-co-chitosan gels was successfully carried out, indicating no presence of a vinyl group in the functional group. The result showed that the ion adsorption amount of Pb2+ ions blending gels increased significantly, almost twice compared to the adsorption before blending. The adsorption amount of Pb2+ ions increased with increasing the gel synthesis temperature. The adsorption amount follows the order of Pb2+ > Fe2+ > Ni2+. The adsorption amount of Pb2+ tends to decrease with increasing sedimentation volume. The higher the synthesis temperature, the larger the porous diameter formed. These results demonstrate that blending gel of NIPAM-co-chitosan and NIPAM-co-acrylic acid is a feasible alternative for removing heavy metal ions owing to its good adsorption performance

Analisa Kandungan Logam Berat Krom pada Air Sumur Menggunakan Spektrofotometri

Clean water has many uses in human daily life. The quality of clean water can be seen from three aspects: chemical, physical, and biological. Chromium (VI) or Cr (VI) is one type of heavy metal that can be harmful to human health if it is present in water because it is carcinogenic. This research will determine the level of chromium in well water samples in the Kalipecabean, Keputih, Kapas Madya, Nginden, and Madura areas using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and compare it with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32/MENKES/PER/2017. The initial stage of the experiment includes the preparation of reagent solutions, followed by the calibration of the instrument and the preparation of a standard curve by making standard solutions with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm. The standard solutions are then tested for their absorbance using a spectrophotometer. The final stage is adding reagents to the water samples and measuring their absorbance using a spectrophotometer. From the results of the study, it was found that the levels of chromium in the well water samples in the Kalipecabean, Keputih, Kapas Madya, Nginden, and Madura areas are 0.004 ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.002 ppm, and 0.003 ppm, respectively. The experimental results show that the level of chromium contained in the well water is relatively low and still meets the maximum chromium content level in water according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32/MENKES/PER/2017