Procesos más relevantes del control interno de una empresa hotelera

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los procesos más relevantes del control interno en una entidad hotelera. Para ello se utiliza como instrumento la gestión por proceso, apoyado en herramientas estadísticas pertinentes como el análisis de motricidad, centralidady conglomerados. Como principal resultado se presenta la descripción de los procesos más relevantes del control interno definidos en la Resolución 60 del año 2011 de la Contraloría General de la República de Cuba, mediante la confección de la ficha de procesos y la realización del despliegue y el plan de actividades de los mismos, permitiendogestionar este sistema en la entidad hotelera objeto de estudio

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system polymorphisms: a role or a hole in occurrence and long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction at young age

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is involved in the cardiovascular homeostasis as shown by previous studies reporting a positive association between specific RAAS genotypes and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Anyhow the prognostic role in a long-term follow-up has not been yet investigated.</p> <p>Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the most studied RAAS genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on the occurrence and the long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at young age in an Italian population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study population consisted of 201 patients and 201 controls, matched for age and sex (mean age 40 ± 4 years; 90.5% males). The most frequent conventional risk factors were smoke (p < 0.001), family history for coronary artery diseases (p < 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.001) and hypertension (p = 0.002). The tested genetic polymorphisms were angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) A1166C and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) C-344T. Considering a long-term follow-up (9 ± 4 years) we compared genetic polymorphisms of patients with and without events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found a borderline significant association of occurrence of AMI with the ACE D/I polymorphism (DD genotype, 42% in cases vs 31% in controls; p = 0.056). DD genotype remained statistically involved in the incidence of AMI also after adjustment for clinical confounders.</p> <p>On the other hand, during the 9-year follow-up (65 events, including 13 deaths) we found a role concerning the AGTR1: the AC heterozygous resulted more represented in the event group (p = 0.016) even if not independent from clinical confounders. Anyhow the Kaplan-Meier event free curves seem to confirm the unfavourable role of this polymorphism.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Polymorphisms in RAAS genes can be important in the onset of a first AMI in young patients (ACE, CYP11B2 polymorphisms), but not in the disease progression after a long follow-up period. Larger collaborative studies are needed to confirm these results.</p

Validation of the Utian quality of life scale in peri- and postmenopausal women in the metro west region of Cape Town

Background: Menopause is a universal event and today most women are reaching the age when menopause occurs. Very little research has been done in South Africa about the perimenopausal period, particularly with regard to quality of life (QoL). The Utian Quality of Life Scale (UQOL) was designed to determine the QoL in peri- and postmenopausal women, and not just to measure their symptoms. The aim of this study was to validate the UQOL in a local urban population in State sector hospitals in Cape Town. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited from the Mature Women's Clinic at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH), and Gynaecology Out Patient Departments (GOPD) at GSH and New Somerset Hospital (NSH). Four questionnaires were administered- a demographics questionnaire, the UQOL, the WHOQOL-BREF and the Greene Climacteric Scale. Women were contacted telephonically after 3-14 days for retest of the questionnaires to establish reliability. Results: Fifty two participants were initially recruited and 49 were retested. Results showed that the UQOL is a valid instrument with which to measure QoL in our study population. The test-retest reliability was good, with only 2 questions having significantly different answers (p-value 0.7 for the occupational domain of the UQOL only. The health, emotional, and sexual domains had alpha values of 0.673 and 0.691 and 0.634 respectively, which are acceptable. The Cronbach's alpha for the health domain improved to 0.739 when question 8 was removed from the health domain. Construct validity was demonstrated by a statistically significant correlation between the domains of the UQOL and the WHOQOL-BREF. Secondary factor analysis confirmed the domain structure of the UQOL. The scores from the domains seem to indicate that perceived QoL in our study population is not significantly impaired, with the sexual domain showing the most negative impact on QoL. The WHOQOL-BREF demonstrated good internal consistency in our study population. Conclusions: The UQOL is a valid instrument to measure QoL related to the menopause in our patients. No questions were deleted from the original scale. Further research is needed in Afrikaans and Black African languages. The sexual experiences of peri- and post-menopausal women should also be explored. Menopause did not seem to adversely affect QoL in the women who participated in this study. The WHOQOL-BREF is a good tool to measure general QoL in our study population

Efectos de diferentes niveles de melaza en la ceba de novillos

Tesis (M. Sc) --IICA, Turrialba (Costa Rica),1960Se usaron 15 animales de cuatro diferentes razas: Criolla, Sta. Gertrudis, Brahaman y Brangus. Estos animales fueron distribu?dos en tres grupos y a cada grupo se le asign? un nivel de melaza. Los niveles de melaza usados fueron: 20 por ciento, 35 por ciento y 50 por ciento. El resto de las raciones consisti? de harinolina, afrecho de arroz y bagazo de ca?a de az?car. Estas raciones se calcularon con 15 por ciento de prote?na. Con estas raciones se observaron los aumentos de peso de los animales durante 75 d?as. Posteriormente, para ver el efecto de la melaza en la digestibilidad de las raciones, se hicieron varias pruebas de digestibilidad en las que se usaron las siguientes raciones: 1. Raci?n de engorde con 20, 35 y 50 por ciento de melaza. 2. Raci?n de engorde m?s 5 por ciento de ma?z, con 20, 35 y 50 por ciento de melaza. 3. Raci?n con prote?na alta (20 por ciento) con 20, 35 y 50 por ciento de melaza. 4. Raci?n con prote?na baja (13 por ciento) con 20, 35 y 50 por ciento de melaza. 5. Pasto Imperial. En los aumentos de peso no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Al analizar la digestibilidad de los nutrientes en la raci?n 1 y en la raci?n 2, se encontr? que la digestibilidad de fibra fu? afectada significativamente. Pues en la raci?n 2 la digestibilidad decreci? a medida que aumentaron los niveles de melaza y en la raci?n 1 el mejor nivel para digestibilidad de fibra fu? el de 20 por ciento, el intermedio fu? el de 50 por ciento y el m?s bajo el de 35 por ciento. La digestibilidad de prote?na en estas raciones fu? estad?sticamente igual. En ?stas mismas raciones la digestibilidad de materia seca fu? afectada por los niveles de melaza en el mismo sentido que la de fibra. En las comparaciones de las raciones 3 y 4 (niveles de prote?na) la digestibilidad de fibra no fu? afectada por los niveles de prote?na, ni por los niveles de melaza. La digestibilidad de prote?na no fu? significativamente por los niveles de prote?na. Los niveles de melaza en la raci?n de prote?na alta aumentaron la digestibilidad de prote?na. En la raci?n de prote?na baja la digestibilidad de prote?na fu? superior con el nivel de 35 por ciento de melaza y la digestibilidad en los niveles de 20 y 50 por ciento de melaza fu? pr?cticamente igual. En la digestibilidad de pasto Imperial, se observaron promedios de digestibilidad de: fibra 75.73m prote?na 54.06, materia seca 51.58. La digestibilidad de fibra fu? superior a la observada por los mismos animales cuando se alimentaron con el concentrado. La digestibilidad de materia seca fu? inferior y la digestibilidad de prote?na solo en uno de los animales fu? superior