Differential disease restriction of Moloney and Friend murine leukemia viruses by the mouse Rmcf gene is governed by the viral long terminal repeat.

Neonatal CxD2 (Rmcfr) and Balb/c (Rmcfs) mice inoculated with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) exhibited approximately equivalent time course and pathology for disease. CxD2 mice showed only slightly reduced presence of Moloney mink cell focus-forming virus (M-MCF) provirus as seen by Southern blot analysis compared to Balb/c mice. This lack of restriction for disease and spread of MCF was in sharp contrast to that seen for CxD2 mice inoculated with Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), where incidence of disease and propagation of MCFs were severely restricted, as previously reported. Inoculation of CxD2 mice with FM-MuLV, a recombinant F-MuLV virus containing M-MuLV LTR sequences (U3 and R), resulted in T cell disease of time course equal to that seen in Balb/c mice; there also was little restriction for propagation of MCFs. This indicated that presence of the M-MuLV long terminal repeat (LTR) was sufficient for propagation of MCFs in CxD2 mice. Differing restriction for F-MuLV vs. M-MuLV in CxD2 mice was explained on the basis of different "MCF propagator cells" for the two viruses. It was suggested that cells propagating F-MCF (e.g., erythroid progenitors) are blocked by endogenous MCF-like gp70env protein, whereas cells propagating M-MCF (e.g., lymphoid) do not express this protein on their surface. F-MuLV disease in CxD2 mice was greatly accelerated when neonates were inoculated with a F-MuLV/F-MCF pseudotypic mixture. However, F-MCF provirus was not detectable or only barely detectable in F-MuLV/F-MCF-induced tumors, suggesting that F-MCF acted indirectly in induction of these tumors

Music at St. Ignatius Mission, 1854-1900

Uses the printed programs from special events at St. Ignatius Mission schools from 1854-1900 to determine what kind of music was studied and performed by the mission students

The Atger3 promoter confers circadian clock-regulated transcription with peak expression at the beginning of the night

In Arabidopsis thaliana, steady-state abundance of the Atger3 transcript encoding a germin-like cell wall protein follows a circadian rhythm, reaching its highest level at the beginning of the night. As a first step towards dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying these transcript oscillations, the Atger3 genomic locus was characterised. Transcriptional fusions of 1.8kb and 967bp Atger3 promoter fragments to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene mediate high-amplitude circadian oscillations of the GUS transcript in transgenic Arabidopsis. 5′ deletion to −490 greatly reduces overall transcript abundance while retaining a basal oscillation. Further deletion to −299 abolishes preferential GUS expression in the evening. Taken together, these data indicate that clock-response elements contributing to high-amplitude Atger3 oscillations largely reside between −299 and −967. Histochemical staining for GUS activity indicates that the Atger3 promoter is active in cotyledons, young leaves, petioles, the inflorescence axis, pedicels, sepals, ovary, style and siliques but not in roots, petals and anther

Elurikkuse otsesed ja kaudsed mõjud inimese füüsilisele ja vaimsele tervisele

Elurikkuse mõju inimtervisele on üks vähim uuritud teema, samal ajal kui looduse mõju inimtervisele on põhjalikult uuritud. Antud töö eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade mehhanismidest, mille läbi elurikkus inimeste füüsilist ja vaimselt heaolu mõjutada võib. Töö on jaotatud kaheks osaks – esimeses osas kirjeldatakse elurikkuse mõju inimtervisele läbi kirjandusliku ülevaate ning teises osas püütakse sarnaseid trende leida läbiviidud küsitluse tulemustes

Eine neuartige 1,2-Methyl-Wanderung bei der Desaminierung Decarboxylierung von 3- Amino-Cyclopentancarbonsäuren

During deamination, γ-amino acids can undergo concomitant decarboxylation. Aiming at studying the course of the involved reaction, the following γ-amino acids were synthesized and characterized: (–)-3c-amino-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (= (–)-aminolauronic acid = (–)-3-aminocamphonanic acid; 39), cis-3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (41), (+)-3c-amino-2,2,3-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (= (–)-aminodihydrocampholytic acid; 42), and the novel (±)-cis-3-amino-2,2-dimethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (43). These γ-amino acids were deaminated by means of 4-diazoniobenzenesulfonate (= 'p-diazobenzenesulfonic acid'; generated from p-sulfanilic acid = 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid), under moderately basic aqueous conditions (pH 8–9). The formed product mixtures were separated, the products identified, and their structures correlated with the starting γ-amino acids, thus establishing that decarboxylation occurs whenever the carbenium ion formed by loss of nitrogen can rearrange into a higher-substituted ion. This rearrangement accompanied by decarboxylation is the main reaction in the deamination of (–)-3c-amino-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane-1r-carboxylic acid (39). The known absolute configurations (1R,3S) of 39 and (3S) of the main product (–)-1,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-1-ene (= (–)-laurolene; 40) allow to elucidate the stereochemistry of the rearrangement. It consists of a new, selective 1,2-syn-alkyl shift, which is explained by an intermediate highly reactive unsolvated but conformationally defined carbenium ion. A further consequence of the high reactivity of the carbenium ion is the lack of participation of the carboxylate group in the formation of the substitution products. The fact that essentially inversion of configuration takes place at the reaction center (C(3)) suggests the involvement of steric hindrance by the counter ion

The Erosion Prediction Impact on Current Hall Thruster Model Development

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76124/1/AIAA-2008-5087-712.pd

Changes in spinal reflex and locomotor activity after a complete spinal cord injury: a common mechanism?

Locomotor activity and spinal reflexes (SRs) show common features in different mammals, including humans. Here we report the time-course of the development of locomotor activity and SRs after a complete spinal cord injury in humans. SRs evoked by tibial nerve stimulation were studied, as was the leg muscle electromyography activity evoked by mechanically assisted locomotion (Lokomat) in biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocenmius medialis. Around 8 weeks after the injury, an early SR component (latency 60-120 ms) appeared, as in healthy subjects, and a well-organized leg muscle activity was present during assisted locomotion. At around 6 months after injury an additional, late reflex component (latency 120-450 ms) appeared, which remained even 15 years after the spinal cord injury. In contrast, the early component had markedly decreased at 18 months after injury. These changes in SR were associated with a loss of electromyography activity and a successively stronger electromyography exhaustion (i.e. decline of electromyography amplitude), when comparing the level of electromyography activity at 2 and 10 min, respectively, during assisted locomotion. These changes in electromyography activity affected mainly the biceps femoris, gastrocenmius medialis and tibialis anterior but less so the rectus femoris. When the amplitude relationship of the early to late SR component was calculated, there was a temporal relationship between the decrease of the early component and an increase of the late component and the degree of exhaustion of locomotor activity. In chronic, severely affected but sensori-motor incomplete spinal cord injury subjects a late SR component, associated with an electromyography exhaustion, was present in subjects who did not regularly perform stepping movements. Our data are consistent with the proposal of a common mechanism underlying the changes in SR activity and locomotor activity after spinal cord injury. These findings should be taken into consideration in the development of novel rehabilitation schemes and programs to facilitate regeneration-inducing therapies in spinal cord injury subject

Maturation of Recently Released Cold Hardy Wine Grap Cultivars in Iowa: Corot noir, Frontenac Gris, La Crescent, Marquette, and Noiret

Many new wine grape cultivars have been released from breeding programs developed for cold hardiness in the Midwest. Iowa State University has been observing the growing habits of selected new cultivars throughout Iowa to expand the growing wine industry. Five of the cultivars that have shown promise include Corot noir (released by Cornell University in 2006), Frontenac Gris(released by the Univ. of Minnesota in 2003), La Crescent(released by the University of Minnesota in 2002), Marquette (released by the University of Minnesota in 2006), and Noiret (released by Cornell University in 2006). The objective of this study was to monitor the general trend of the soluble solids concentration (SSC)/ºBrix, initial pH, titratable acidity, and average berry weight after the onset of veraison until grape berry maturit