Familles monoparentales allocataires du RMI ou de l’API et trappes à inactivités : les enseignements de l’enquête sur les expérimentations du rSa en France.

Until the introduction of the RSA (Revenu de solidarité active -i.e. Active Solidarity Income) on 1st June 2009 in metropolitan France and 1st January 2011 in overseas territories, poor single-parent families were entitled either to the RMI (Revenu minimum d'insertion – i.e. Minimum Income Integration) or to the API ( Allocation de parent isolé – i.e. Lone Parent Benefit). By merging these two benefits, the government gives up the logic of specific policy for low-income single parents with young children. To assess the empirical relevance of inactivity traps that single parents living on transfer income face, we used data from the DREES survey covering a sample of the RMI or API recipients. The survey was conducted in May-June 2008 when the rSa was tested in some areas. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of the study population in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, earlier career paths and career paths during the observation period (October 2007-May 2008). We also show that the probability of access to employment is highly dependent on individual characteristics (age, educational level, health status, having two or more children and having experienced long inactivity periods). Family responsibilities, lack of qualifications and health or transportation problems are the main barriers to get a stable and good job.rSa (Active Solidarity Income), lone parents, minimum incomes, inactivity traps, in-work benefits, activation policies.

Crossing the Fence: Challenges of Operationalizing PSSM

Physical security and stockpile management (PSSM) can be broadly defined as a series of activities that make national stockpiles of weapons and ammunition safe and secure. Over the last decade, PSSM has become a highly requested form of intervention to curb the illicit flow of small arms and light weapons (SA/LW) and conventional ammunition (CA), as well as to keep communities safe from unintended explosions. Donors have provided substantial funding for PSSM activities to countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where we have learned that the impact of PSSM assistance depends a great deal on how actively improvements are maintained. Maintaining PSSM improvements has to do with influencing human behavior. Organizations supporting national institutions with PSSM are well aware of this but are often overwhelmed by immediate, tangible needs on the ground such as demands for new depots, fencing, or training. While these activities are critical, they will easily go to waste if PSSM is not practiced on a daily basis. This article will discuss three challenges that we have observed and present some critical questions for organizations to consider when providing PSSM assistance

Quel impact des ségrégations socio-spatiales sur la réussite scolaire au collège ?

Les études sur la répartition spatiale des populations font apparaître une accentuation des ségrégations sociales et scolaires qui se manifeste en particulier par une concentration croissante de la pauvreté dans certains territoires excentrés ou enclavés. Les travaux quantitatifs permettant la mesure de la ségrégation socio-spatiale sont assez rares car le problème soulevé nécessite de construire un ensemble d’indices et de méthodes pertinents. L’objet de cet article est donc de présenter quelques méthodes et indices utilisés dans la mesure de la ségrégation socio-spatiale et de montrer le lien entre ségrégation sociale, concurrence entre établissements et faibles performances scolaires au collège.In recent years the extent of social segregation among French secondary schools is mainly due to a greater social polarization in some urban areas. There have been little studies about social segregation mainly because of the difficulties to build a set of relevant methods and measures. The aim of this paper is to provide various measures of social and spatial segregation in order to assess the links between segregation, competitiveness and educational achievement.Arbeiten über die räumliche Verteilung von Populationen zeigen eine Zuspitzung der sozialen und schulischen Segregation, die durch eine wachsende Konzentration der Armut in einigen ausgelagerten oder eingeschlossenen Territorien deutlich wird. Arbeiten zur quantitativen Erfassung der sozial-räumlichen Segregation sind recht selten, da diese Frage die Erarbeitung einer Reihe von Indikatoren und sachdienlicher Methoden erfordert. In diesem Artikel geht es darum, einige Methoden und Indikatoren für die Messung der sozial-räumlichen Segregation vorzustellen und den Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Segregation, dem Wettbewerb zwischen Schulen und schwachen schulischen Leistungen im Collège aufzuzeigen.Los trabajos sobre la distribución espacial de las poblaciones hacen aparecer una acentuación de las segregaciones sociales y escolares que se manifiesta en particular por una concentración creciente de la pobreza en ciertos territorios excentrados o en enclave. Los trabajos cuantitativos permiten medir la segregación socioespacial son bastante escasos, ya que el problema planteado requiere construir un conjunto de índices y métodos pertinentes. El objeto de este artículo es entonces presentar algunos métodos e índices utilizados en la medición de la segregación socioespacial y mostrar el vínculo entre segregación social, competencia entre establecimientos y bajos rendimientos escolares en el colegio (cuatro años de estudios secundarios)

BATCH METAL REMOVAL BY PEAT : KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS

International audiencePeat moss, a natural inexpensive material, is able to play an important rrle in treatment processes of metal-bearing industrial effluents since it adsorbs, complexes or exchanges various metal cations. This paper presents kinetics and thermodynamics of batch metal removal reactions by 50 g/l (dry wt) eutrophic or oligotrophic peat particles using Cu 2+, Cd 2÷, Zn 2÷ and Ni 2÷ concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 mM. Metal cation removal reactions are moderately rapid in l0 mM metal unbuffered solutions: the forward kinetic constant ranges between 0.005 and 0.17 M-1 s-1, and equilibrium is reached within about 1 h. Under these conditions of pH (2.2-4.2) and concentrations, apparent binding equilibrium constants were found to range between 2 and 3150 M-1 depending upon the peat origin and the metal cation. In 0-6.5 pH-buffered metal cation solutions, the four cations binding reactions behaved differently demonstrating that metal binding equilibrium constant decrease in the order Ni 2+ > Cu 2+ > Cd 2+ = Zn 2÷. When pH is higher than 6.7, more than 90% of a 10 mM metal cation solution is removed by 50 g/l peat particles and metal binding capacities equal 200 mmol kg-1 dry wt, whatever the metal nature and the peat origin. Except for nickel cation which is very strongly bound to peat, all metal cations are completely released when pH is fixed below 1.5

Letrozole-induced necrotising leukocytoclastic small vessel vasculitis: First report of a case in the UK.

INTRODUCTION: Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is a commonly used neo-adjuvant drug to treat hormone-sensitive breast cancer. There have been a few cases of aromatase inhibitor induced vasculitis but the first case of letrozole-induced vasculitis was reported from Switzerland in 2014 (Digklia et al.) [1]. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report the case of a 72-year-old woman with a small breast cancer. She was started on pre-operative letrozole (2.5mg/d) whilst awaiting surgery. Ten days later she presented with burning pain and purpuric skin lesions which progressed to extensive ischaemic superficial necrosis of the lower limb skin, resolving over 3-4 months after local and systemic steroids. Histologically, it showed leucocytoclasis with evidence of eosinophilia consistent with a diagnosis of cutaneous leukocytoclastic small vessel vasculitis. DISCUSSION: The initial clinical presentation was severe burning pain around the ankles and a spreading violaceous rash. Letrozole was stopped. Wide local excision (lumpectomy) and sentinel node biopsy were postponed because of the accompanying pneumonitis and gastrointestinal upset, and were carried out 3.5 months later. Fortunately, the tumour size did not increase, but appeared to reduce, and axillary lymph nodes remained negative, i.e., this patient's cancer outcome does not seem to have been jeopardized. CONCLUSION: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a hypersensitivity reaction that is usually self-resolving, though our case needed systemic steroid treatment. Letrozole is a commonly used drug in clinical practice and prescribers should be aware of this rare side effect, which in our case delayed treatment without any apparent harm and possibly reduced tumour size

Evaluating the effectiveness of management measures on skates in a changing world

Global declines in elasmobranchs have been observed. Conservation measures such as area closures and fisheries prohibitions have been put in place to support the recovery of vulnerable species. However, the effectiveness of such measures is rarely evaluated in the context of other factors that may affect population abundance. This study investigates the effectiveness of management measures using 1) General additive mixed model derivative changes, taking into account environmental factors that may affect population stochasticity and 2) an age-structured density dependent population dynamic model. The Raja undulata (undulate ray) 2009 targeted fisheries prohibition was used as a case study. Potential beneficial responses on sympatric species Raja clavata (thornback ray) were modelled. A significant increase in abundance was observed in both IUCN red list species during the ban. Surface seawater temperature had a marginal effect on the abundance of both species. The prohibition was in place for an insufficient length of time for long lasting effects to be detected on skate length. The population dynamic model indicated that the increase in abundance was only possible when combining the fisheries ban with increased juvenile discard survival. Our results indicate that species conservation measures may not only have positive effects on the species in question, but also on species with a niche overlap. Nonetheless, due to ongoing fishing for other species, the full potential of fisheries prohibitions may not be realised. For real benefits to be assessed, evaluation of bans should take place once a steady state is observed

«La relation de limitation et d’exception dans le français d’aujourd’hui : excepté, sauf et hormis comme pivots d’une relation algébrique »

L’analyse des emplois prépositionnels et des emplois conjonctifs d’ “excepté”, de “sauf” et d’ “hormis” permet d’envisager les trois prépositions/conjonctions comme le pivot d’un binôme, comme la plaque tournante d’une structure bipolaire. Placées au milieu du binôme, ces prépositions sont forcées par leur sémantisme originaire dûment métaphorisé de jouer le rôle de marqueurs d’inconséquence systématique entre l’élément se trouvant à leur gauche et celui qui se trouve à leur droite. L’opposition qui surgit entre les deux éléments n’est donc pas une incompatibilité naturelle, intrinsèque, mais extrinsèque, induite. Dans la plupart des cas (emplois limitatifs), cette opposition prend la forme d’un rapport entre une « classe » et le « membre (soustrait) de la classe », ou bien entre un « tout » et une « partie » ; dans d’autres (emplois exceptifs), cette opposition se manifeste au contraire comme une attaque de front portée par un « tout » à un autre « tout ». De plus, l’inconséquence induite mise en place par la préposition/conjonction paraît, en principe, tout à fait insurmontable. Dans l’assertion « les écureuils vivent partout, sauf en Australie » (que l’on peut expliciter par « Les écureuils vivent partout, sauf [qu’ils ne vivent pas] en Australie »), la préposition semble en effet capable d’impliquer le prédicat principal avec signe inverti, et de bâtir sur une telle implication une sorte de sous énoncé qui, à la rigueur, est totalement inconséquent avec celui qui le précède (si « les écureuils ne vivent pas en Australie », le fait qu’ils « vivent partout » est faux). Néanmoins, l’analyse montre qu’alors que certaines de ces oppositions peuvent enfin être dépassées, d’autres ne le peuvent pas. C’est, respectivement, le cas des relations limitatives et des relations exceptives. La relation limitative, impliquant le rapport « tout » - « partie », permet de résoudre le conflit dans les termes d’une somme algébrique entre deux sous énoncés pourvus de différent poids informatif et de signe contraire. Les valeurs numériques des termes de la somme étant déséquilibrées, le résultat est toujours autre que zéro. La relation exceptive, au contraire, qui n’implique pas le rapport « tout » - « partie », n’est pas capable de résoudre le conflit entre deux sous énoncés pourvus du même poids informatif et en même temps de signe contraire : les valeurs numériques des termes de la somme étant symétriques et égales, le résultat sera toujours équivalent à zéro