Experiences of financial distress in Thailand

Between 1983 and 1984, 15 Thai finance companies went under, and many others were distressed. Authorities were faced with the choice of rescuing the troubled institutions or closing them down. Closing an institution is often less costly, financially, than rescuing it. The risk in closing institutions is that you might set off systemwide panic that hurts both the domestic market and the country's ability to attract foreign funds. Although some companies failed to recover, the measures Thai authorities took succeeded in restoring public confidence. How did the authorities succeed in restoring public confidence? First, in choosing to rehabilitate, the government demonstrated its commitment to preserving financial institutions. Second, changes in the Bank of Thailand Act and the regulations governing commercial banks and finance companies gave the authorities more power to handle problem institutions and prevent further crises. Rehabilitating these institutions appears to have cost no more than closing them down and paying off depositors would have cost. Of course, the rescue option meant using government facilities and personnel. It is also more difficult to prosecute former managers under a rehabilitation scheme than if the institution closes down. The dilemma authorities face is the tradeoff between preserving the financialsystem's well-being and preventing moral hazard.Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,National Governance,Economic Theory&Research,Private Participation in Infrastructure

Effect of Light on the Antibacterial Property of Silver Diamine Fluoride

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of shortened time and lightcuring on the biofilm of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) applied lesions.Materials and methods: Twenty dentin specimens (3 x 3 x 2 mm3) were prepared fromtwenty primary molar teeth with caries extended to the middle third of dentin. The specimens wererandomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 5/group); 1) distilled water (DW, negative control), 2) SDF10 seconds, 3) SDF 10 seconds with light curing (LC) for 20 seconds and 4) SDF 1 minute (AAPDrecommendation) and then were treated following the assigned group. Treated specimens wereindividually placed in 24-well plates with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) culture (approximately6 x 108 colony-forming-unit (CFU)/mL) and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours to form biofilm.The biofilm was removed from the specimens by a pipette tip and underwent serial 10-fold dilutions.The diluted solutions were then plated on agar. After incubation, the colonies were counted andpresented as CFU/mL.Results: There was no difference in the number of bacteria that remained on the specimenstreated with SDF for 10 seconds, SDF for 10 seconds with LC, and SDF for 1 minute (0, 284 ± 284,and 0 CFU/mL, respectively; mean ± standard error). However, all three groups had significantlyfewer bacterial counts than the DW treatment (8.39 x 106 ± 4.94 x 106 CFU/mL), (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of shortening the duration of SDF application with orwithout light curing was not different from the conventional 1-minute application.Keywords: Antibacterial agents, Biofilms, Dental curing lights, Silver diamine fluoride, Streptococcusmutans SWU Dent J. 2021;15(1):86-92

The effects on income distribution and nutrition of alternative rice price policies in Thailand

PRIFPRI

The effects on income distribution and nutrition of alternative rice price policies in Thailand:

Rice Prices Thailand., Rice trade Government policy Thailand., Income distribution Thailand., Nutrition Thailand.,

Comparative evaluation of slot versus dovetail design in class III composite restorations in primary anterior teeth

The esthetic restorations of primary anterior teeth have always occupied an important part of the pediatric dentist's armamentarium. Various materials have been tried for this purpose and ample materials have been researched in an attempt to fulfill the prerequisites for an ideal esthetic restorative material