French wine - a historical, social and economic phenomenon

The thesis aims to gather the information from various sources- the historic, specialized sources-books, from the Internet or from my personal consultations as well. The topic has been chosen because the wine stands for France; it has been an inseparable part of the French history and cultural traditions. In other words, it is a phenomenon which along with a language has been developing the identity of the nation. The thesis does not seek to cover the whole representation of the French wine but it provides to look into the world of the French winegrowing. The end of the thesis deals with the wine from an economic point of view. So far, the wine has largely been participant in a prosperous state economy. However, as socalled new wines are placed on the market, France is loosing its original standing is receding from its authentic positions. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org

Two new gene clusters involved in the degradation of plant cell wall from the fecal microbiota of Tunisian dromedary

Dromedaries are capable of digesting plant cell wall with high content of lignocellulose of poor digestibility. Consequently, their intestinal microbiota can be a source of novel carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). To the best of our knowledge, no data are available describing the biochemical analysis of enzymes in dromedary intestinal microbiota.To investigate new hydrolytic enzymes from the dromedary gut, a fosmid library was constructed using metagenomic DNA from feces of non-domestic adult dromedary camels living in the Tunisian desert. High-throughput functional screening of 13756 clones resulted in 47 hit clones active on a panel of various chromogenic and non-chromogenic glycan substrates. Two of them, harboring multiple activities, were retained for further analysis. Clone 26H3 displayed activity on AZO-CM-cellulose, AZCL Carob galactomannan and Tween 20, while clone 36A23 was active on AZCL carob galactomannan and AZCL barley β-glucan. The functional annotation of their sequences highlighted original metagenomic loci originating from bacteria of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group, involved in the metabolization of mannosides and β-glucans thanks to a complete battery of endoand exo-acting glycoside hydrolases, esterases, phosphorylases and transporters

The contact maps of AmyA and AmyB.

<p>The black dots show the common contacts, the pink dots show the contacts which are unique to the native structure and the green for the contacts unique to the truncated enzyme structure.</p

The recapitulation of kinetic constants and general physico-chemical parameters of the AmyA and AmyB of <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> S2 isoforms.

<p>Kinetic constants were previously evaluated [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0153868#pone.0153868.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>]. Physico-chemical parameters revelation was performed using the Swiss-ProtParam tool (<a href="http://www.expasy.org/tools/" target="_blank">http://www.expasy.org/tools/</a>).The instability index computed classified AmyA and AmyB as stable proteins.</p

The Amino-Acid Sequence Analysis of <i>Aspergillus Oryzae</i> S2 α-amylases.

<p>(A, B) The Structure-based multiple sequence alignment of AmyA, AmyB₁, AmyB, AmyB₂, (Accession code Hx2000049571) of <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> S2 with α-amylase of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (Accession code 2GUY_A). The invariable residues among sequences are typed in white on a red background; differences between conserved groups are displayed on a yellow background; the numbers (1, 2, 3, and 4) correspond to the disulfide bonds.</p

The zymogram of α-amylase activities.

<p>(A) The zymogram (10%) of α-amylase activities produced in the culture medium from the crude extract of flask incubation containing individually protease inhibitors Leupeptine, PMSF, pepstatine A as well as TPCK (N α-p-Tosyl L- PhenylalanylChloromethyl Ketone). The α-amylases produced in the culture medium from crude extracts without antiproteases were taken as control. (B) The zymogram (20%) of α-amylase activities of 48h and 92h of incubation time.</p

Dental Trauma First-Aid Knowledge and Attitudes of Physical Education Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature with Meta-Regressions

The main objective of the present review is to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of physical education (PE) teachers concerning dental trauma first-aid through a systematic appraisal of the literature, meta-analysis and meta-regressions. The entire content of PubMed and ISI/Web of Science was mined. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies were studies evaluating dental trauma first-aid knowledge and/or attitudes and/or the effectiveness of mouthguards use by PE teachers. Articles written in any language and published or accepted by peer-reviewed journals were considered. Methodological quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Downs and Black instrument. Of 15 selected articles, three were of strong quality, three were moderate, and the remaining nine were rated as weak. The majority of studies showed that PE teachers had an inadequate knowledge of the initial management of dental trauma. Specifically, there was a lack of knowledge concerning an appropriate washing and transporting medium and the extra-alveolar period of an avulsed tooth. Due to the inadequate knowledge of PE teachers regarding dental trauma management, specific education should be added to PE classes to improve the emergency treatment of dental injuries

Positive clones obtained by high-throughput screening.

<p>Positive clones obtained by high-throughput screening.</p

Predicted ORFs present on clone 36A23.

<p>Predicted ORFs present on clone 36A23.</p

The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on sleep-wake behaviour and daytime sleepiness in team sport referees

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Ramadan fasting on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in team sport referees. Seventy-eight male amateur team sport referees (age: 31.1 ± 10.8 years) participated in this study. Participants responded to the Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) questionnaires before (10-days prior) and during (last 7-days) the month of Ramadan. PSQI and ESS scores increased significantly during Ramadan (both p < .001, ES = 0.56 and 0.54, respectively) with 83.3% of participants scoring ≥5 in the PSQI. The percentage of participants suffering from severe excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS score ≥ 16) was 3.8% before vs. 7.7% during Ramadan (p < 0.001). Sleep duration decreased by ~ 1 h during Ramadan (p < .001, ES = 0.61) and was associated with a delay in bedtime of ~ 2 h (p < 0.001, ES = 0.7) and of wake-up time of ~ 1 h (p < 0.001, ES = 0.5). The score for daytime dysfunction and subjective sleep perception, as components of the PSQI, increased (both p < 0.001; ES = 0.79, ES = 0.57, respectively), whereas the score for the use of sleep medication decreased during vs. before Ramadan (p = 0.041, ES = 0.47). Ramadan fasting impaired sleep quality and increased daytime sleepiness in team sport referees. Future studies, using objective assessment tools, are warranted