Las percepciones de crianza materna podrían influenciar las conductas autolesivas en adolescentes con diagnóstico de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.

Objective: To explore the perceived parental rearing behavior in adolescents diagnosed with an eating disorder, and to identify eventual differences with altered eating and self-injurious behaviors. Material and methods: A total of 45 adolescents diagnosed with some eating disorder (11 diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 23 with bulimia nervosa and 11 with binge eating disorder), recruited from the outpatient and hospitalization areas of the Juan N Navarro Children’s Psychiatric Hospital, were included. Results: It was found that the greater the memories of favoritism (r = 0.41, p-value = 0.005) or rejection (r = 0.36, p-value = 0.016) by the father, the higher the scores on the Eating Attitude Scale. Differences were also found in the mother’s warmth dimension, between the adolescents who presented self-injuries (mean = 39.6, de = 11.3) and those who did not present them (mean = 47.4, de = 8.8) (t =-2.6, value p = 0.015). Conclusions: Adolescents with a diagnosis of eating disorders presented differences in their perception of parental rearing, a factor that may decisively influence the manifestation of other psychopathological behaviors.Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones de crianza parental en adolescentes diagnosticados con algún trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, e identificar posibles diferencias con alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria y conductas autolesivas. Material y métodos: Un total de 45 adolescentes con algún tipo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) (11 diagnosticados con anorexia nervosa, 23 con bulimia nervosa y 11 con trastorno “por atracón”), pacientes en áreas de consulta externa y hospitalización del Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Juan N. Navarro fueron sistemáticamente estudiados. Resultados: Se encontró que cuánto mayores las percepciones de favoritismo (r =0,41, valor p = 0,005) o rechazo (r = 0,36, valor p = 0,016) del padre, mayores fueron también los puntajes en la Escala de Actitudes Alimentarias. Se encontraron asimismo diferencias en la dimensión de calidez de la madre, entre los adolescentes que presentaron autolesiones (media = 39,6, d.e = 11,3) comparados con aquéllos que no las presentaron (media = 47,4, d.e = 8.8) (t = -2,6, valor p = 0,015). Conclusiones: Los adolescentes con diagnóstico de TCA presentaron diferencias en la percepción de crianza parental, factor que puede influenciar decisivamente la manifestación de otras conductas psicopatológicas

Genes, the serotonergic system and suicidal behavior

The study of suicidal behavior has gained relevance given that recently about 50% of the population between 14 and 19 years old exhibit suicidal ideation and, in the population in general, there has been a rise of up to 150% in suicidal behavior. The outcomes of these studies of genetic epidemiology show that several genes may be associated with suicidal behavior. In particular, one of the hypotheses propounds that genes of proteins that participate in the serotonergic pathway could be responsible for the development of this behavior. There is neurochemical evidence showing alterations at different levels along this pathway. In this work, a review is made of several of the genes participating in the serotonergic pathway and their possible participation in suicidal behavior

Los Genes, el sistema serotoninergico y la conducta suicida

The study of suicidal behavior has gained relevance given that recently about 50% of the population between 14 and 19 years old exhibit suicidal ideation and, in the population in general, there has been a rise of up to 150% in suicidal behavior. The outcomes of these studies of genetic epidemiology show that several genes may be associated with suicidal behavior. In particular, one of the hypotheses propounds that genes of proteins that participate in the serotonergic pathway could be responsible for the development of this behavior. There is neurochemical evidence showing alterations at different levels along this pathway. In this work, a review is made of several of the genes participating in the serotonergic pathway and their possible participation in suicidal behavior.La conducta suicida es un problema de salud mental en el mundo. El estudio de la conducta suicida toma interés dado que en los años recientes, cerca del 50% de la población entre 14 y 19 años de edad presentan ideación suicida y en la población general se observa un aumento hasta del 150% en la conducta suicida. Estudios de epidemiología genética muestran que los genes pueden estar asociados a la conducta suicida. Recientemente se ha propuesto que los genes involucrados en la llamada vía serotoninérgica están participando, ya que evidencia neuroquímica demuestran alteraciones a diferentes niveles. Sin embargo, en población latina son pocos los estudios que evalúen el papel de los genes para generar estas condiciones. En este trabajo, se presenta una revisión de los principales genes que participan en la vía serotoninérgica y presenta evidencia de la participación de esos en la conducta suicida

Los Genes, el sistema serotoninergico y la conducta suicida

The study of suicidal behavior has gained relevance given that recently about 50% of the population between 14 and 19 years old exhibit suicidal ideation and, in the population in general, there has been a rise of up to 150% in suicidal behavior. The outcomes of these studies of genetic epidemiology show that several genes may be associated with suicidal behavior. In particular, one of the hypotheses propounds that genes of proteins that participate in the serotonergic pathway could be responsible for the development of this behavior. There is neurochemical evidence showing alterations at different levels along this pathway. In this work, a review is made of several of the genes participating in the serotonergic pathway and their possible participation in suicidal behavior.La conducta suicida es un problema de salud mental en el mundo. El estudio de la conducta suicida toma interés dado que en los años recientes, cerca del 50% de la población entre 14 y 19 años de edad presentan ideación suicida y en la población general se observa un aumento hasta del 150% en la conducta suicida. Estudios de epidemiología genética muestran que los genes pueden estar asociados a la conducta suicida. Recientemente se ha propuesto que los genes involucrados en la llamada vía serotoninérgica están participando, ya que evidencia neuroquímica demuestran alteraciones a diferentes niveles. Sin embargo, en población latina son pocos los estudios que evalúen el papel de los genes para generar estas condiciones. En este trabajo, se presenta una revisión de los principales genes que participan en la vía serotoninérgica y presenta evidencia de la participación de esos en la conducta suicid

Association between obesity and depression in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2; a study protocol [v1; ref status: indexed, http://f1000r.es/4y5]

Background: Diabetes mellitus and depression are highly prevalent conditions throughout the world and have significant impact on health outcomes. It has been estimated that diabetes mellitus type 2 affects about 246 million people in the world; nevertheless, incidence varies among countries. There is evidence that depression is associated with a poor metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that present other health problems (such as hypertension and obesity). The aim of this study protocol is to determine if obesity increases the risk for depression in patient with diabetes type 2. Methods: The analysis will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).The studies suitable for inclusion will be assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to determine their methodological quality. To identify the studies of interest, we will search on PubMed and EBSCO databases. We will use the following keyword combinations: "Diabetes Mellitus type 2 AND obesity AND depression", "depression AND Diabetes Mellitus type 2", "Diabetes Mellitus type 2 AND body mass index cross sectional study", "depression AND obesity cross-sectional study". Causes for exclusion will be publications that studied patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1; articles that focused on the treatment and complications of diabetes mellitus type 2; publications that have studied other clinical or psychiatric conditions (for instance, seizure disorder or history of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms or dementia). Conclusion: The results of this study will form the basis for a better understanding of the association between obesity and depression in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, and will allow development of prediction tools and better interventions. It is evident that several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes among population. Currently, evidence for the deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus type 2 are based on cross-sectional or other observational designs. Therefore, this study will have important implications for future research and public health guidance

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Mexican Adolescents with a Diagnosis of Eating Disorders Its Relationship with the Body Mass Index

The prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among patients with eating disorders (ED) is higher than the general population. Individuals diagnosed with eating disorders have changes in their body mass index which could promote severe metabolic disruptions. This study aimed (1) to report the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among a Mexican adolescent sample diagnosed with eating disorders, (2) to compare our results with the prevalence of psychiatric disorders reported from a national survey of mental health of adolescents, (3) to compare the presence of psychiatric comorbidities between ED diagnoses, and (4) to explore the relationship of these comorbidities with the body mass index. In the study, we included 187 Mexican adolescents diagnosed with eating disorders. The psychiatric comorbidities were evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children/adolescents, and a revised questionnaire on eating and weight patterns. We found that 89% of the Mexican adolescents diagnosed with ED had another psychiatric comorbidity. Major depressive disorder (52.40%) and suicide risk (40%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Attention and deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence was different between ED diagnosis, and adolescents with binge-eating disorder and ADHD had the higher body mass index. Our results showed that in this sample of Mexican adolescents, the presence of comorbidities could impact body mass index. This emphasizes the importance that clinicians take into consideration the presence of psychiatric comorbidities to achieve an integrative treatment for adolescents diagnosed with ED

Individuals Diagnosed with Binge-Eating Disorder Have DNA Hypomethylated Sites in Genes of the Metabolic System: A Pilot Study

Binge-eating disorder, recently accepted as a diagnostic category, is differentiated from bulimia nervosa in that the former shows the presence of binge-eating episodes and the absence of compensatory behavior. Epigenetics is a conjunct of mechanisms (like DNA methylation) that regulate gene expression, which are dependent on environmental changes. Analysis of DNA methylation in eating disorders shows that it is reduced. The present study aimed to analyze the genome-wide DNA methylation differences between individuals diagnosed with BED and BN. A total of 46 individuals were analyzed using the Infinium Methylation EPIC array. We found 11 differentially methylated sites between BED- and BN-diagnosed individuals, with genome-wide significance. Most of the associations were found in genes related to metabolic processes (ST3GAL4, PRKAG2, and FRK), which are hypomethylated genes in BED. Cg04781532, located in the body of the PRKAG2 gene (protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2), was hypomethylated in individuals with BED. Agonists of PRKAG2, which is the subunit of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), are proposed to treat obesity, BED, and BN. The present study contributes important insights into the effect that BED could have on PRKAG2 activation