Comparison of the intrinsic properties of EBPVD Al–Ti and Al–Mg coatings

International audienc

Genomic relatedness of a canine Lactococcus garvieae to human, animal and environmental isolates

Lactococcus (L.) garvieae is a zoonotic fish pathogen that can also cause bacteraemia and endocarditis in humans and has been isolated from healthy or diseased domestic animals. Nevertheless L. garvieae is more an opportunistic, than a primary pathogen since most affected humans have predisposing conditions and comorbidities. L. garvieae is also present in other animal species, most frequently cattle, but also sheep, goats, water buffaloes, and pigs, and much more rarely dogs, cats, horses, camel, turtle, snake and crocodile. The purpose of this study was to genomically (i) confirm the identification by MALDI-TOF MS® of a L. garvieae from the nasal discharge of a dog with chronic respiratory disorders and (ii) compare this canine isolate with human and animal L. garvieae isolates. According to the BLAST analysis after Whole Genome Sequencing, this canine isolate was more than 99% identical to 3 L. garvieae and belonged to a new Multi-Locus Sequence Type (ST45). MLST and whole genomes-based phylogenetic analysis were performed on the canine isolate and the 40 genomes available in Genbank. The canine L. garvieae was most closely related to an Australian camel and an Indian fish L. garvieae and more distantly to human L. garvieae. Twenty-five of the 29 putative virulence-associated genes searched for were detected, but not the 16 capsule-encoding genes. The heterogeneity of the L. garvieae species is reflected by the diversity of the MLSTypes and virulotypes identified and by the phylogenetic analysis

Genomic relatedness of a canine Lactococcus garvieae to human, animal and environmental isolates

Lactococcus (L.) garvieae is a zoonotic fish pathogen that can also cause bacteraemia and endocarditis in humans and has been isolated from healthy or diseased domestic animals. Nevertheless L. garvieae is more an opportunistic, than a primary pathogen since most affected humans have predisposing conditions and comorbidities. L. garvieae is also present in other animal species, most frequently cattle, but also sheep, goats, water buffaloes, and pigs, and much more rarely dogs, cats, horses, camel, turtle, snake and crocodile.The purpose of this study was to genomically (i) confirm the identification by MALDI-TOF MS® of a L. garvieae from the nasal discharge of a dog with chronic respiratory disorders and (ii) compare this canine isolate with human and animal L. garvieae isolates. According to the BLAST analysis after Whole Genome Sequencing, this canine isolate was more than 99% identical to 3 L. garvieae and belonged to a new Multi-Locus Sequence Type (ST45). MLST and whole genomes-based phylogenetic analysis were performed on the canine isolate and the 40 genomes available in Genbank. The canine L. garvieae was most closely related to an Australian camel and an Indian fish L. garvieae and more distantly to human L. garvieae. Twenty-five of the 29 putative virulence-associated genes searched for were detected, but not the 16 capsule-encoding genes. The heterogeneity of the L. garvieae species is reflected by the diversity of the MLSTypes and virulotypes identified and by the phylogenetic analysis

A Novel Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 1c Molecular Variant in an Indigenous Individual from New Caledonia, Melanesia

International audienceBackground: Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic among people of Melanesian descent in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and in Indigenous populations from Central Australia. Molecular studies revealed that these Australo-Melanesian strains constitute the highly divergent HTLV-1c subtype. New Caledonia is a French overseas territory located in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. HTLV-1 situation is poorly documented in New Caledonia and the molecular epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection remains unknown. Objectives: Studying 500 older adults Melanesian natives from New Caledonia, we aim to evaluate the HTLV-1 seroprevalence and to molecularly characterize HTLV-1 proviral strains. Study design: Plasma from 262 men and 238 females (age range: 60–96 years old, mean age: 70.5) were screened for anti-HTLV-1 antibodies by particle agglutination (PA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Serological confirmation was obtained using Western blot assay. DNAs were extracted from peripheral blood buffy coat of HTLV-1 seropositive individuals, and subjected to four series of PCR (LTR-gag; pro-pol; pol-env and tax-LTR). Primers were designed from highly common conserved regions of the major HTLV-1 subtypes to characterize the entire HTLV-1 proviral genome. Results: Among 500 samples, 3 were PA and IFA positive. The overall seroprevalence was 0.6%. The DNA sample from 1 New Caledonian woman (NCP201) was found positive by PCR and the complete HTLV-1 proviral genome (9,033-bp) was obtained. The full-length HTLV-1 genomic sequence from a native woman from Vanuatu (EM5), obtained in the frame of our previous studies, was also characterized. Both sequences belonged to the HTLV-1c Australo-Melanesian subtype. The NCP201 strain exhibited 0.3% nucleotide divergence with the EM5 strain from Vanuatu. Furthermore, divergence reached 1.1% to 2.9% with the Solomon and Australian sequences respectively. Phylogenetic analyses on a 522-bp-long fragment of the gp21-env gene showed the existence of two major clades. The first is composed of strains from Papua New Guinea; the second includes strains from all neighboring archipelagos (Solomon, Vanuatu, New Caledonia), and Australia. Interestingly, this second clade itself is divided into two sub-clades: strains from Australia on one hand, and strains from Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia on the other hand. Conclusions: The HTLV-1 seroprevalence (0.6%) in the studied adult population from New Caledonia appears to be low. This seroprevalence is quite similar to the situation observed in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. However it is very different to the one encountered in Central Australia. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Australo-Melanesia is endemic for HTLV-1 infection with a high diversity of HTLV-1c strains and a clear geographic clustering according to the island of origin of HTLV-1 infected persons

Phylogenetic tree generated with Neighbor-joining (NJ) method on a 522-bp fragment of the HTLV-1 gp-21 <i>env</i> gene for 25 HTLV-1 available sequences including the 2 sequences generated in this work (NCP201 and EM5).

<p>HTLV-1 strains were aligned with DAMBE software (version 4.2.13). The final alignment was submitted to the Model test program (version 3.6) to select, according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best model to apply to phylogenetic analyses. The selected model was the Tamura Nei. Bootstrap values were calculated for 1,000 replicates and indicate frequencies of occurrence for 100 trees (bootstrap ≥50%). The branch lengths are drawn to scale with bar indicating 0.01-nucleotide replacement per site. The ATK-1 strain was used as outgroup. The NCP201 and EM5 strains belong to the “Solomon/Vanuatu/New Caledonian” sub-clade, while the two other “Australian” and “Papua New Guinean” clades exist within HTLV-1c subtype. (Genbank accession nos. KX905202 and KX905203).</p

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 serologic confirmation by Western blot.

<p>HTLV-1 seroreactivity patterns obtained by Western blot with recombinant GD21 (common to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) and two synthetic peptides specific for HTLV-1 (MTA-1) and HTLV-2 (K55). Lane 1, HTLV-1 positive control; lane 2, HTLV-2 positive control; lane 3, HTLV-1/2 negative control; lanes 4–6, plasma samples from the HTLV-1 positive women from New Caledonia (NCP91, NCP173 and NCP201) displaying a strong reactivity to GD21 and to p19, p24, p26, p28, p32, p36 plus rgp46-I (MTA-1).</p

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 serologic screening tests.

<p>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 serologic screening tests.</p

Phylogenetic tree generated with neighbor-joining (NJ) method on a 2,346-bp fragment of the HTLV-1 <i>gag-tax</i> concatenated genes for 29 HTLV-1 available sequences including the 2 sequences generated in this work (NCP201 and EM5).

<p>HTLV-1 strains were aligned with DAMBE software (version 4.2.13). The final alignment was submitted to the Model test program (version 3.6) to select, according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best model to apply to phylogenetic analyses. The selected model was the GTR. The numbers at some nodes of the tree (bootstrap values) were calculated for 1,000 replicates and indicate frequencies of occurrence for 100 trees (bootstrap ≥50%). The branch lengths are drawn to scale with bar indicating 0.01-nucleotide replacement per site. The ATK-1 strain was used as outgroup. The NCP201 and EM5 strains belong to the Australo-Melanesian HTLV-1c subtype and clustered with the strains previously characterized in Vanuatu (ESW44) the Solomon Islands (Mel5). Strains from Central Australia constitute a second clade (Genbank accession nos. KX905202 and KX905203).</p

Map of the western Pacific region.

<p>The Australo-Melanesia region comprises the islands group extending from Papua New Guinea to New Caledonia including Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago plus Australia, where HTLV-1 epidemiological and clinical situation has been investigated.</p