OSNOVNE KARAKTERISTIKE CMR KONVENCIJE

In economically developed countries, insurance sector traditionally represents important instrument of social protection and the most important area of economic life. It’s relevance is primarily told by large number of regulations, rich case law and legal doctrine. In this article, the author deals with the issue of conditions of insurance, both nationally and in international law. First, the importance of transport insurance, primarily in road traffic will be discussed. Then will discuss the sources of law in road traffic, and the biggest focus will be on liability insurance carrier according to CMR convention and referring to national law. In terms of harmonization and unification of the law questions of responsibility of the transporter is crucial, since it occupies a central place in regulation of certain sectors of transport. In the question of liability insurance carrier, the subject of insurance, insurance basics, breadth of coverage, supplementary insurance, and exclusion of damages will be analized.U ekonomski razvijenim zemljama delatnost osiguranja tradicionano predstavlja važan instrument socijalne zaštite i najznačajniju oblast privrednog života. O njegovom značaju govori pre svega veliki broj propisa, bogata sudska praksa i pravna doktrina. U ovom radu autor se bavi pitanjem uslova za osiguranje od odgovornosti prevozioca, kako u nacionalnom, tako i u međunarodnom pravu. Najpre će biti reči o značaju transportnog osiguranja, pre svega u drumskom prevozu zatim o izvorima prava, a najveći akcenat stavljen je na osiguranje od odgovornosti prevozioca u svetlu CMR konvencije, uz osvrt na domaće pravo. Sa aspekta harmonizacije i unifkacije prava pitanje odgovornosti prevozioca je od ključnog značaja, s obzirom da zauzima centralno mesto prilikom regulisanja određene grane saobraćaja. U okviru pitanja o osiguranju od odgovornosti prevozioca analizaraće se: predmet osiguranja, osnov osiguranja, širina pokrića, dopunsko osiguranje, ograničenje osiguranja,. pokriće stete, premija osiguranja itd

Effect of Different Types of Fly Ash on Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

In order to preserve natural resources, the use of waste and alternative materials in the construction and maintenance of roads is increasingly investigated. This paper presents the results of testing wearing course asphalt mixtures (AC 11s SURF 50/70) made with various percentages of fly ash, used as a partial or complete substitute for mineral filler. The properties of fly ash were determined to assess their suitability for use in asphalt mixtures. The experimental research was performed on asphalt samples containing fly ash from three different sources, with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of mineral filler substitution. The control mixture was prepared with 100% of mineral filler. The paper presents the volumetric composition, stability, and flow of asphalt mixtures tested on standard Marshall's samples, water sensitivity, and resistance to permanent deformation. The results of this study indicate that a satisfactory volumetric composition can be achieved by adding fly ash, while the bulk density and voids of the mineral and asphalt mixture generally depend on the type of fly ash and its content. The stability and flow of mixtures with fly ash are favourable compared with the control mixture. The water sensitivity of mixtures with fly ash is generally lower compared with the control mixture and depends on the type and percentage of fly ash. The resistance to permanent deformation of the asphalt mixtures depends on the fly ash type and percentage. The results obtained in this study are an important step towards broader implementation of fly ash in asphalt mixtures

Yield and content of nutrient elements in various cultivars of lettuce depending from production method

In order to examine the influence of cultivars and to estimate how mulching and plant covering with agrotextile affects the content of P, Ca, K, Mg and Mn in lettuce leaves this three-year experiment has been established. In the experiment, black and white plastic foil were used for mulching prior to planting, and agrotextile for plant covering after planting. The effect of each of them as well as their combination on the content of nutrients and yield of lettuce leaves was examined. There were six treatments in the experiment: control, black foil, white foil, black foil and agrotextile, white foil and agrotextile, and agrotextile. Mulching had a significant impact on yield, as well as the content of P, Ca, K, Mg and Mn in lettuce leaves in the three-year experiment. The highest yield was registered in the cultivar Nizzi in treatment with black plastic foil, compared to all cultivars and treatments. The largest P content was registered in the cultivar Sunstar (0.71%), while the smallest content was registered in the cultivar Sunny (0.59%). The Ca content ranged from 2.59% (Sunny) to 2.84% (Nizzi). The Mg content ranged from 0.46% in treatment with black foil to 0.70% in treatment with white foil. The content of Mn in lettuce leaves ranged from 60.99 mg kg(-1) in the cultivar Zeralda to 81.79 mg kg(-1) in the cultivar Devonia

Effect of geotextile and agrotextile covering on productivity and nutritional values in lettuce

In order to optimize the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in greenhouses and to evaluate how a usage of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile affects its yields, N content, nitrate, Zn and vitamin C in lettuce leaves, a 2-yr experiment was established. In the experiments, black and white plastic foils were used for mulching before planting, and woven agrotextile for plant covering after planting. The effect of each, as well as combination of them, on lettuce growth and productivity was evaluated. The experiment involved six treatments: control (without mulch), polyethylene black plastic mulch, polyethylene white plastic mulch, polyethylene black plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, polyethylene white plastic mulch and woven agrotextile, and woven agrotextile. In the first growing season the yield was 23% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. In the second growing season the yield was 29% higher when polyethylene black plastic mulch was used compared to the control. Nitrogen content decreased 9% when the woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. Polyethylene black plastic mulch and polyethylene black plastic mulch with agrotextile reduced Zn content compared to the control. Vitamin C content increased 21% when woven agrotextile was used compared to the control. The overall effect of mulching and covering plants with woven agrotextile showed positive effect on lettuce production. The results obtained could assist lettuce growers in selecting most effective production technologies in order to achieve highest yield and nutritional value in this crop

Expression of bacteriocin LsbB is dependent on a transcription terminator

The production of LsbB, leaderless class II bacteriocin, is encoded by genes (lsbB and lmrB) located on plasmid pMN5 in Lactococcus lactis BGMN1-5. Heterologous expression of the lsbB gene using the pAZIL vector (pAZIL-lsbB) in L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG7284 resulted in a significant reduction (more than 30 times) of bacteriocin LsbB expression. Subcloning and deletion experiments with plasmid pMN5 revealed that full expression of LsbB requires the presence of a complete transcription terminator located downstream of the lsbB gene. RNA stability analysis revealed that the presence of a transcription terminator increased the RNA stability by three times and the expression of LsbB by 30 times. The study of the influence of transcription terminator on the expression of other bacteriocin genes (lcnB, for lactococcin B production) indicated that this translational terminator likely functions in a lsbB-specific manner rather than in a general manner

The overexpression of SOX2 affects the migration of human teratocarcinoma cell line NT2/D1

The altered expression of the SOX2 transcription factor is associated with oncogenic or tumor suppressor functions in human cancers. This factor regulates the migration and invasion of different cancer cells. In this study we investigated the effect of constitutive SOX2 overexpression on the migration and adhesion capacity of embryonal teratocarcinoma NT2/D1 cells derived from a metastasis of a human testicular germ cell tumor. We detected that increased SOX2 expression changed the speed, mode and path of cell migration, but not the adhesion ability of NT2/D1 cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that SOX2 overexpression increased the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and the HDM2 oncogene. Our results contribute to the better understanding of the effect of SOX2 on the behavior of tumor cells originating from a human testicular germ cell tumor. Considering that NT2/D1 cells resemble cancer stem cells in many features, our results could contribute to the elucidation of the role of SOX2 in cancer stem cells behavior and the process of metastasis

Incidence and molecular characterization of flavescence dorée and stolbur phytoplasmas in grapevine cultivars from different viticultural areas of Serbia

The presence and distribution of grapevine phytoplasmas was investigated from 2003 to 2005 in some of the most important viticultural areas of Serbia, considering in particular the susceptibility and sensitiveness of both local and imported grapevine cultivars. Both flavescence dorée (FD) and bois noir (BN) phytoplasmas were detected using molecular techniques. The presence of FD phytoplasma at the moment seems limited, while BN phytoplasma appears to be present in the majority of grape growing regions in Serbia. Field surveys demonstrate that grapevine yellows (GY) epidemics in the vineyards inspected in Serbia spread very fast, indeed the incidence of symptomatic plants increased considerably year by year. In particular, the average rate of FD diffusion increased from 45.5 to 93.0 % in the Sićevačko region, while the spread of BN resulted lower. The local cultivar 'Plovdina' appeared to be extremely sensitive to FD phytoplasma showing a percentage of infected plants ranging from 91 to 100 %. PCR-RFLP and phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal protein (rp) and secY gene sequences performed on Serbian FD grapevine strains demonstrated their close relationship with the Italian FD-C strain present in north-east Italy. Based on both phylogenetic markers, Serbian FD strains represent a new distinct lineage and together with the FD-C strain form a major phylogenetic group within the elm yellows group.

Chloroplast pigments in post-fire-grown cryptophytes on Vidlič Mountain (Southeastern Serbia)

In this study the content of chloroplast pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a+b, and carotenoids) in the leaves of Geranium macrorrhizum L., Doronicum columnae Ten., Aegopodium podagraria L. and Tussilago farfara L. from a beech forest that had undergone fire on Vidlič Mountain was determined. The same species of plants from a place that had not been exposed to fire were taken as controls. Chloroplast pigments were determined from acetone extracts of these plants spectrophotometrically. In the first year after the fire the content of chlorophyll a, b and a+b in Geranium macrorrhizum L. and Doronicum columnae Ten. was greater than in the plants not exposed to fire. The results were the opposite for Aegopodium podagraria L. and Tussilago farfara L. These differences can be attributed to the different physiology of the plants and consequently their different adaptation patterns. The carotenoid content was higher in the plant species at the fire site than in the area not exposed to fire

Photo-induced antibacterial activity of four graphene based nanomaterials on a wide range of bacteria

Due to controversial reports concerning antibacterial activity of different graphene based materials it is very important to investigate their antibacterial action on a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this paper we have investigated the structure induced phototoxic antibacterial activity of four types of graphene based materials: graphene oxide (GO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs). Antibacterial activity was tested on 19 types of bacteria. It is found that nanometer-size CQDs and N-CQDs are the most potent agents whereas micrometer-size GO has very poor antibacterial activity. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements confirmed photodynamic production of singlet oxygen for all types of used quantum dots. Detailed analysis has shown that N-CQDs are an excellent photodynamic antibacterial agent for treatment of bacterial infections induced by Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Trade-Off between Toxicity and Signal Detection Orchestrated by Frequency- and Density-Dependent Genes

Behaviors in insects are partly highly efficient Bayesian processes that fulfill exploratory tasks ending with the colonization of new ecological niches. The foraging (for) gene in Drosophila encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). It has been extensively described as a frequency-dependent gene and its transcripts are differentially expressed between individuals, reflecting the population density context. Some for transcripts, when expressed in a population at high density for many generations, concomitantly trigger strong dispersive behavior associated with foraging activity. Moreover, genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) analysis has highlighted a dormant role of for in energetic metabolism in a food deprivation context. In our current report, we show that alleles of for encoding different cGMP-dependent kinase isoforms influence the oxidation of aldehyde groups of aromatic molecules emitted by plants via Aldh-III and a phosphorylatable adaptor. The enhanced efficiency of oxidation of aldehyde odorants into carboxyl groups by the action of for lessens their action and toxicity, which should facilitate exploration and guidance in a complex odor environment. Our present data provide evidence that optimal foraging performance requires the fast metabolism of volatile compounds emitted by plants to avoid neurosensory saturation and that the frequency-dependent genes that trigger dispersion influence these processes