Low-cost and compact single-photon counter based on a CMOS SPAD smart pixel

We present a single-photon counter based on a silicon Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology. The detector is monolithically integrated with a front-end circuit and a digital pulse output driver. External components are kept to a minimum and the resulting instrument is low-cost, low-power and compact, being housed into an industry-standard 1-inch aluminum optical mounting tube. It features a maximum power consumption of just 250 mW from an USB link. The embedded 50 μm diameter SPAD has high photon detection efficiency in the visible range (55 % at 420 nm), low noise (< 100 cps at room temperature), low timing jitter (< 100 ps full-width at half maximum), and very low afterpulsing probability (down to 1 % with 60 ns hold-off time). The high performance, compactness and low cost enable many unexplored applications in life sciences, personal health care, industrial quality check, quantum physics and others, where it is required to count single photons and to measure their arrival time

shoreline detection capability of cosmo skymed and high resolution multispectral images

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Holocene evolution of the Venice Lagoon

The Venice Lagoon is characterized by a remarkable vertical and lateral variability of deposits, mainly produced by delta, tidal channels and sand bar migration. High resolution seismic surveys and coring analysis, carried out in the frame of the Co.Ri.La. research line 3.16, produced new insight in the evolution of the Venice Lagoon through the Holocene. Based on the new data, it has been possible, for the first time, to image and map the three main phases that characterized the formation and the evolution of the lagoon. Initially, the marine ingression, between 10,000 and 6,000 years B.P., produced the submersion by the Adriatic Sea of the Pleistocene alluvial plain. During this phase, longshore drift triggered the formation of the Venice palaeo lagoon. Then, the following sea level highstand recorded the predominance of sediment supply from rivers and the progressive advance of the coastline toward the sea. Finally, the more recent phase was characterized by the predominance of erosion and sediment exportation from the lagoon, as the consequence of human interventions on river mouths and inlets since historical time. These distinct phases are associated to sedimentary deposits with different geotechnical, sedimentological and geochemical characteristics, which play different roles in the erodibility of the sea floor and in the hydrogeological regime. In this paper we present the main results from the surveys carried between 2003 and 2006 in the southern portion of the lagoon, where the Holocene deposits reaches their maximum thickness

Ecohidrología de un humedal intermareal antropizado: un estudio de caso en la Bahia de Samborombón (Argentina)

En los humedales intermareales los procesos hidrológicos y ecológicos están íntimamente conectados, razón por la cual los cambios en la hidrología derivados de las actividades humanas pueden modificar los ecosistemas. En el humedal de la marisma del río Ajó la expansión ganadera dio a lugar a la realización de numerosos terraplenes que cortan los canales limitando la propagación del flujo mareal. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar cómo los cambios hidrológicos ocasionados por el hombre en la marisma pueden afectar la ecohidrología del humedal en relación al desarrollo de la vegetación. Se estudiaron las características hidrológicas y ambientales en áreas naturales y antropizadas a partir de observaciones de campo y medición de variables hidrológicas. Para evaluar las modificaciones en la vegetación se efectuó una estimación de los cambios estacionales en la cantidad, calidad y desarrollo de la misma a partir del análisis del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI) en imágenes Landsat. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que cerca de un 18% del área de marisma está actualmente fuera del ciclo mareal debido a las alteraciones antrópicas. En estas zonas el funcionamiento hidrológico natural fue modificado afectando el desarrollo de la vegetación intermareal típica de este ambiente y en consecuencia la ecohidrología del humedal

Análisis temporal de las modificaciones en los médanos del Partido de la Costa y su relación con los recursos hídricos

Fil: Carretero, Silvina Claudia. Cátedra de Hidrología General. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Braga, Federica. Istituto di Scienze Marine Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Venezia; ItaliaFil: Kruse, Eduardo Emilio. Cátedra de Hidrología General. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Tosi, Luigi. Cátedra de Hidrología General. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

SPAD Figures of Merit for Photon-Counting, Photon-Timing, and Imaging Applications: A Review

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) emerged as the most suitable photodetectors for both single-photon counting and photon-timing applications. Different complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices have been reported in the literature, with quite different performance and some excelling in just few of them, but often at different operating conditions. In order to provide proper criteria for performance assessment, we present some figures of merit (FoMs) able to summarize the typical SPAD performance (i.e., photon detection efficiency, dark counting rate, afterpulsing probability, hold-off time, and timing jitter) and to identify a proper metric for SPAD comparisons, when used either as single-pixel detectors or in imaging arrays. The ultimate goal is not to define a ranking list of best-in-class detectors, but to quantitatively help the end-user to state the overall performance of different SPADs in either photon-counting, timing, or imaging applications. We review many CMOS SPADs from different research groups and companies, we compute the proposed FoMs for all them and, eventually, we provide an insight on present CMOS SPAD technologies and future trends

Integrated Circuit for Subnanosecond Gating of InGaAs/InP SPAD

We present a novel integrated circuit for subnanosecond gating of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). It enables the detector in well-defined time intervals (down to 500 ps) and strongly reduces the afterpulsing effect. It includes a fast pulser with rising/falling edge shorter than 300 ps (20%-80%), a wideband comparator and hold-off logic circuitry. The fast avalanche quenching reduces the charge flow in the SPAD, thus decreasing the afterpulsing, a detrimental effect that limits the maximum count rate of InGaAs/InP SPADs. The wideband SiGe comparator guarantees very low timing jitter of the acquired waveforms: <100 ps (FWHM) at 5 V excess bias voltage, when operated with InGaAs/InP SPAD, whereas we estimate that the time jitter of the circuit is < 30 ps

El rol de la evapotranspiración en la geohidrología del humedal de la Planicie Costera de Ajó (provincia de Buenos Aires)

Fil: Carol, Eleonora Silvina. Cátedra de Hidrología General. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Kruse, Eduardo Emilio. Cátedra de Hidrología General. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Braga, Federica. Istituto di Scienze Marine. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Venezia; ItalyFil: Tosi, Luigi. Istituto di Scienze Marine. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Venezia; Ital

Past, present, and expected hydro-morphologic evolution of the Bahia de Samborombon (Argentina) by remote sensing data

Hydro-geomorphologic setting of coastal areas is the result of complex interactions between marine and continental processes. Lowland morphologies make coastlands the zones at highest hydrogeological risk because of flooding, land subsidence, and saltwater contamination (e.g., Pousa et al. 2007). As many studies have predicted a significant increase of eustacy, sea level rise (SLR) is the most relevant problem affecting coastal lowlands. The wetland of the Samborombon Bay (Argentina) is a Ramsar natural reserve affected to periodic floods due to rainfall, runoff, tidal fluctuations, and storm surges. In this work, we show preliminary results of a project aimed at understanding the effect of expected SLR scenarios on the hydromorphologic setting of the Samborombon Bay. In particular, the outcomes of the first step of the research, i.e., the remote sensing analysis, are illustrated