Developing a Teaching Plan for the Social Studies of a Junior High School Focused on Inquiring What is a Good Society : Based on the Learning Principles of the New Course of Studies.

本研究は,平成20年3月に改訂された中学校学習指導要領のもとでの中学校社会科の単元開発のあり方を,公民的分野の内容(4)-イ｢よりよい社会を目指して｣を取り上げて具体的に示そうとするものである｡今回の学習指導要領改訂では,中学校社会科には目標レベルの変化はほとんど見られず,一見,改訂は小幅なものにとどまったかに思われる｡しかしながら,内容を検討すると,地理,歴史,公民の三分野ともに学習原理に関わる大きな転換がなされていることが分かり,それを見逃すと改訂の本質は見えない｡本研究では,新学 習指導要領の学習原理として特に注目されている探究活動の充実に焦点をしぼり,学習原理の転換がいかになされたかということに加えて,具体的にいかなる授業づくりが求められるかを事例に基づいて明らかにした

A Typing the Theories of Teaching of History as the Social Studies in Secondary School

本研究は、現代歴史授業の改善を目指して、現在主張されている多様な社会科歴史授業構成論を類型化してその特徴を明らかにしようとするものである。一般的伝統的な歴史授業については歴史的事象に関する知識の暗記にとどまり社会認識の形成に至っていないことや、価値注入教育に陥っていること等が問題点として指摘されている。それらを克服するものとして社会科歴史が唱えられている。本研究では社会科歴史授業構成論として、社会科学科歴史論、理論批判学習としての歴史教育論、解釈批判学習としての歴史教育論、社会的判断力育成を目指した歴史教育論、社会形成力育成を目指した歴史教育論を取り上げて、その目標、方法、内容について分析・検討を行った。The Purpose of this study is to type the theories of teaching of history as the Social Studies in Secondary School, which is today discussed in the Japan Social Studies Research Association. A common traditional strategy of teaching of history has a lot of problems, that is to force students to memorize many information about hisorical events and to infuse a particular concept of value into the student's mind. In this paper I analyze five strategies as the theories of teaching of history as the Social Studies, that is the teaching history as social sciences education, the history study based on theory criticism, the history study based on interpretation criticism, the approach to counter-socialization through teaching history and the teaching history as social construction

The Development of the Social Studies Lesson Plan Focusing on Understanding Public Welfare: A Case of a Tentative Lesson Plan "What is Public Welfare?"

本研究は、生徒に公共性を個人の判断や意思決定を上から制限するものと捉えさせるのではなく、国民自身が作り出し下から権力に対して突きつける社会の原則として捉えなおさせる社会科公民の授業開発を目指したものである。公共性を問い直すにあたっては、日本国憲法に規定されている公共の福祉を取り上げ、公共の福祉の解釈の検討をさせ、それを基本的人権を行使するうえでの心得ではなく、基本的人権を制限するための普遍的原則と捉えなおさせる展開を構想した。公共性を考えるための具体的な社会的事情としては、ハンセン病問題を取り上げた。ハンセン病問題は、日本社会に長く根付いていた差別意識の問題と考えられているが、戦後に関していえば、その差別を維持・助長し続けたのは、公共の福祉を理由に隔離政策を推進したらしい予防法の存在である。開発した小単元は、らい予防法は廃止された理由を考えさせることによって、生徒に公共の福祉について再考させるものとなっている

In-orbit Demonstration of Reaction Control System for Orbital Altitude Change of Micro-Satellite ALE-2

This research presents the results of an in-orbit test of the orbital altitude control for a micro-satellite equipped with the first space-demonstrated high-density small cold gas jet thruster. In the field of micro-satellites, the application of thrusters to practical missions has not yet progressed due to their high cost, mechanical and electrical incompatibility with the satellite bus system, and increased operational risks. By contrast, the demand for orbit control functions has been increasing in recent years with the expansion of micro-satellite applications. The76kg satellite ALE-2 , which was jointly developed by Tohoku University and ALE Co., Ltd., has the world\u27s first challenging mission to artificially generate shooting stars by ejecting small substances (meteor source) from the ejection device fixed on the satellite body. To avoid collision of the ejected meteor source with other flying objects, the mission must be performed in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of less than 400 km, which is lower than that of the International Space Station. However, it is required to maintain the mission orbit autonomously because the orbit decay is large due to the effect of atmospheric drag. In addition, to release the meteor source at an arbitrary orbital position, it is essential to manipulate the ground track by raising and lowering the orbital altitude. Therefore, ALE-2 needs to control the orbit altitude actively and with arbitrary amount of change. In this study, the reaction control system (RCS), which satisfies the orbit change capability, mission requirements, and compatibility with the satellite bus system, is installed on ALE-2 to perform space demonstrations of orbit control and to evaluate the operational performance of the thruster. ALE-2 will be the first to be equipped with a cold gas jet thruster developed by Patched conics, LLC. It is estimated that the thruster is capable of changing altitude more than 1 km by continuous drive for one orbital period. Using this RCS, the following three criteria were set as the evaluation criteria: (Minimum) the orbit altitude can be actively changed by the thruster, (Full) the orbit altitude can be controlled by an arbitrary amount of operation and can be increased more than 1 km per orbit, and (Extra) the mission orbit can be transferred according to the meteor source release plan. ALE-2 was launched on December 6, 2019, and the in-orbit test of the RCS started four months later. Although the RCS was not able to achieve its initial orbit change capability due to an anomaly in the power supply system, various kinds of tests were conducted under conditions that allowed continuous thruster operation. It was confirmed that the orbit altitude was increased by 0.4 km per orbit. In addition, the fault detection, isolation and recovery (FDIR)function was effectively performed against any kinds of anomalies of RCS during in-orbit operation. Therefore, a sustained orbital altitude of 400 km was expected to be achievable using the onboard RCS

Effects of rehabilitation program for an anatomical abnormality

Introduction : Spina bifida occulta (SBO) is a common malformation of lamina of the spine, most commonly occurring in the sacrum or lower lumbar spine. Athletes with anatomical abnormalities such as SBO may be vulnerable to discoordination of muscles and/or skeletal structures. Case Report : We present a case of a 15-year-old male adolescent who presented with persistent low back pain (LBP) associated with SBO at T11-L1 that had been overlooked for several years. He participated in karate as a top-level competitor at the nationallevel, but the LBP interfered with his play. Dynamic X-ray films showed limited range of motion (ROM) in his lower lumbar spine (L3-S1). Instead, the thoracolumbar junction compensated for the lack of ROM in the lumbar spine, enabling trunk flexion and extension. To restore normal coordination, he was treated with a 2-week rehabilitation program including flexibility and core conditioning for the trunk to improve coordination of spinal movement. Two weeks later, his LBP resolved. Conclusion : These results suggest that evaluation of the coordination of the muscles and skeletal structures has an important role in the treatment of cases with an anatomical abnormality such as SBO

Structural Studies on ι-Carrageenan Derived Oligosaccharides and Its Application

ABSTRACT Mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of ι-carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum yielded two oligosaccharides of sulfated tetrasaccharide structure. These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS). Both oligosaccharides have structure of β-D-galactopyranose(Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranose Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3) . Application of the resulting oligosaccharides on protein delivery system in terms of encapsulation efficiency was performed

Algorithms for integrals of holonomic functions over domains defined by polynomial inequalities

We present an algorithm for computing a holonomic system for a definite integral of a holonomic function over a domain defined by polynomial inequalities. If the integrand satisfies a holonomic difference-differential system including parameters, then a holonomic difference-differential system for the integral can also be computed. In the algorithm, holonomic distributions (generalized functions in the sense of L. Schwartz) are inevitably involved even if the integrand is a usual function.Comment: corrected typos; Sections 5 and 6 were slightly revised with results unchange

Comparison of Resistance to Powdery Mildew between Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch)

A total of 162 strains of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch originating from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Central Asia, were tested for resistance to powdery mildew. Then, the variation of resistance was compared with that of 145 local varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from the same region of the wild barley collection. Ten different isolates of the parasite with Japanese origin were separately inoculated onto the first leaves of the host plants. The infection types were classified into the following: i, immunelike; R, highly resistant; M, moderately resistant; and S, highly susceptible. Resistant strains with i, R or M infection type were more frequent among wild barleys as compared with the cultivated forms. It is noteworthy that among these three resistant reactions,the M type was most frequent in the wild barley. To compare the degree of resistance to a total of 10 isolates, the resistance score was calculated in each of the wild and cultivated strains as the following: Scores 1,2,3 and 4 were given to the infection types of i, R, M and S, respectively, and the mean score for 10 isolates was calculated. Wild barley showed significantly low resistance scores as compared with those of cultivated barley. This was also confirmed by the cluster analysis; the cluster with more resistance to 10 isolates consisted of many strains of wild barley. Next, the resistance of wild barley was characterized by their broader effective ranges to different isolates. According to the x2 test for independence of reactions to two different isolates, the resistant factor(s) involved in wild barley was confirmed to be rather non-specific to the parasite. It was concluded that H. spontaneum may be useful genetic resources for the breeding of resistance to powdery mildew as well as local varieties.病原菌の変異による抵抗性品種の罹病化は耐病性育種の大きな問題である。永続性のある抵抗性品種を育成するための遺伝資源を得る目的で、病原菌と長期間共進化してきた野生オオムギ（Hordeum spontaneum）と在来種のうどんこ病抵抗性を評価した。材料はH.spontaneum162系統ならびにこれらと産地を同じくする在来品種145系統である。接種には日本のうどんこ病菌H1,h4,h9の他に人為的交雑によって育成した7菌株を加えた10菌株を用いた。第1葉の反応を免疫的抵抗性（i）、高度抵抗性（R）、中度抵抗性（M）および罹病性（S）に分類した。その結果、以下のことが明らかとなった。1）抵抗性（i,R,M）を示す系統の頻度は大部分の菌株において野生種の方が高かった。2）野生種の抵抗性は在来種よりも多数の菌株に対して有効であった。3）クラスター分析の結果、野生種の大部分が同一のグループに属し、在来品種は多くのサブグループに属することが明らかにされた。4）これらの事実から、オオムギの野生種はうどんこ病抵抗性育種の遺伝資源として在来種と同等あるいはそれ以上に有用であるとみられた

Development of an Operating Strategy for On-Demand Earth Observation Missions of the Diwata-2 Microsatellite

Diwata-2 is the Philippines’ 2nd microsatellite developed by Tohoku University, Hokkaido University, University of the Philippines, and the Philippine Department of Science and Technology. Its primary purpose is gathering remote sensing data through imaging areas of interest for the Philippines. This paper presents the study of Diwata-2’s initial Earth observation pointing performance, investigation of its Attitude Determination and Control System, the tuning of its Star Tracker sensor parameters, the in-flight target pointing calibration, and the sequential scheduling of its components forming an operation strategy for an effective on-demand earth observation mission. This operation strategy has managed to improve the satellite’s pointing performance from the initial 2.88°±2.06° RMS pointing error to having an accuracy of 0.204°±0.12° RMS for its High Precision Telescope payload. This strategy has been implemented to the university-built microsatellite for over 400 successful Earth observation missions and has covered about 82.8% of the Philippine’s land area with its Spaceborne Multispectral Imager payload