Sobre os sonhos

Pablo Torterolo: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Urugua

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone: A New Sleep Factor?

Neurons containing the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are mainly located in the lateral hypothalamus and the incerto-hypothalamic area, and have widespread projections throughout the brain. While the biological functions of this neuropeptide are exerted in humans through two metabotropic receptors, the MCHR1 and MCHR2, only the MCHR1 is present in rodents. Recently, it has been shown that the MCHergic system is involved in the control of sleep. We can summarize the experimental findings as follows: (1) The areas related to the control of sleep and wakefulness have a high density of MCHergic fibers and receptors. (2) MCHergic neurons are active during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (3) MCH knockout mice have less REM sleep, notably under conditions of negative energy balance. Animals with genetically inactivated MCHR1 also exhibit altered vigilance state architecture and sleep homeostasis. (4) Systemically administered MCHR1 antagonists reduce sleep. (5) Intraventricular microinjection of MCH increases both slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep; however, the increment in REM sleep is more pronounced. (6) Microinjection of MCH into the dorsal raphe nucleus increases REM sleep time. REM seep is inhibited by immunoneutralization of MCH within this nucleus. (7) Microinjection of MCH in the nucleus pontis oralis of the cat enhances REM sleep time and reduces REM sleep latency. All these data strongly suggest that MCH has a potent role in the promotion of sleep. Although both SWS and REM sleep are facilitated by MCH, REM sleep seems to be more sensitive to MCH modulation

Importancia de las hipocretinas en la patogenia de la narcolepsia

La hipocretina 1 e hipocretina 2 son neuromoduladores peptídicos que se encuentran en neuronas cuyos somas están localizados en el hipotálamo. Estas neuronas proyectan a diversas regiones del sistema nervioso central. Recientemente se ha descubierto que la alteración de este sistema (sistema hipocretinérgico) se vincula íntimamente con la patogenia de la narcolepsia. Este trabajo pretende hacer una breve reseña de la relación de las hipocretinas con la narcolepsia, así como de la importancia de éstas en la regulación del ciclo sueño-vigilia

Sleep disrupts complex spiking dynamics in the neocortex and hippocampus

Open Access via the PLOS Agreement Acknowledgements J.G acknowledges the support of Comisi´on Acad´emica de Posgrado (CAP), CSIC Iniciaci´on and PEDECIBA. P.T also acknowledges the support of PEDECIBA. A.B.L.T acknowledges the support of CAPES and CNPq. N.R. acknowledges the CSIC group grant “CSIC2018 - FID 13 - Grupo ID 722Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in REM Sleep and Depression.

The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptidergic neuromodulator synthesized by neurons of the lateral sector of the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCHergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system, including areas such as the dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nuclei, which are involved in the control of sleep and mood. Major Depression (MD) is a prevalent psychiatric disease diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria such as sadness or melancholia, guilt, irritability, and anhedonia. A short REM sleep latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the first REM sleep period), as well as an increase in the duration of REM sleep and the density of rapid-eye movements during this state, are considered important biological markers of depression. The fact that the greatest firing rate of MCHergic neurons occurs during REM sleep and that optogenetic stimulation of these neurons induces sleep, tends to indicate that MCH plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of sleep, especially REM sleep. In addition, the acute microinjection of MCH into the DR promotes REM sleep, while immunoneutralization of this peptide within the DR decreases the time spent in this state. Moreover, microinjections of MCH into either the DR or MR promote a depressive-like behavior. In the DR, this effect is prevented by the systemic administration of antidepressant drugs (either fluoxetine or nortriptyline) and blocked by the intra-DR microinjection of a specific MCH receptor antagonist. Using electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques we demonstrated also that MCH decreases the activity of serotonergic DR neurons. Therefore, there are substantive experimental data suggesting that the MCHergic system plays a role in the control of REM sleep and, in addition, in the pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, in the present report, we summarize and evaluate the current data and hypotheses related to the role of MCH in REM sleep and MD

Subchronical treatment with Fluoxetine modifies the activity of the MCHergic and hypocretinergic systems. Evidences from peptide CSF concentration and gene expression

In the postero-lateral hypothalamus are located two neuronal systems that utilize the neuropeptides melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretins (also called orexins) as neuromodulators. These systems have reciprocal connections between them, and project throughout the central nervous system. MCH has been involved in the generation of sleep, mainly REM sleep, while hypocretins have a critical role in the generation of wakefulness. MCHergic activity is also involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MD). In this regards, intracerebral administration of MCH promotes pro-depressive behaviors (i.e., immobility in the forced swimming test) and REM sleep hypersomnia, which is an important trait of depression. Furthermore, the antagonism of the MCHR-1 receptor has a reliable antidepressant effect, suggesting that MCH is a pro-depressive factor. Hypocretins have been also involved in mood regulation; however, their role in depression is still on debate. Taking these data into account, we explored whether systemic subchronical treatment with Fluoxetine (FLX), a serotonergic antidepressant, modifies the concentration of MCH in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as the preproMCH mRNA expression. We also evaluated the hypocretinergic system by quantifying the hypocretin-levels in the CSF and the preprohypocretin mRNA expression. Compared to control, FLX increased the levels of preprohypocretin mRNA without affecting the hypocretin-1 CSF levels. On the contrary, FLX significantly decreased the MCH CSF concentration without affecting the preproMCH gene expression. This result is in agreement with the fact that MCH serum level diminishes during the antidepressant treatment in MD, and supports the hypothesis that an increase in the MCHergic activity could have pro-depressive consequences. (C) 2016 Brazilian Association of Sleep. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.Proyecto de Cooperacion Bilateral Uruguay- Brasil, Dicyt-CNPqPrograma de Desarrollo de Ciencias Basicas (PEDECIBA)Associacao Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (AFIP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Republica, Dept Physiol, Sch Med, Montevideo, UruguayUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilProyecto de Cooperacion Bilateral Uruguay- Brasil, Dicyt-CNPq: ANII-FCE-1-2011-1-5997Web of Scienc

Qualidade do sono no Uruguai no início da pandemia

Pablo Torterolo: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. General Flores 2125. CP 11800. Montevideo, Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0002-3531-5008 -- Luciana Benedetto: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. General Flores 2125. CP 11800. Montevideo, Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0003-2991-9419 -- Noelia Copiz: Viasono. Rambla República del Perú 809. Montevideo, Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected] -- Santiago Peyrou: Equipos Consultores. Javier de Viana 1018.Montevideo, Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected] año 2020 será recordado por el comienzo de la pandemia de COVID-19, la que ha generado trágicas consecuencias para la salud personal y social. Además de los fallecimientos, contagios y el temor a estos, se redujo considerablemente la interacción social debido al confinamiento. Trabajos realizados en distintos países demostraron que la pandemia ha generado importantes trastornos del sueño. Con el objetivo de explorar si la pandemia afectó el sueño de los uruguayos, del 16 al 20 mayo del 2020 se realizó una encuesta anónima vía Web, a mayores de 18 años residentes en Uruguay (n =1137). Esta consistió en el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (ICSP), que es el cuestionario auto administrado más utilizado para este fin. El ICSP explora 7 dimensiones de sueño (calidad subjetiva, latencia, duración, eficiencia, perturbaciones, medicación y disfunción diurna), con un rango de puntaje de 0 a 21(mayor puntuación, menor calidad de sueño), donde un ICSP mayor a 5 se considera una mala calidad de sueño. Los resultados mostraron que el ICSP promedio fue de 7,4 ± 4,0, presentando 63% de los encuestados un ICSP > 5. El ICSP fue mayor en mujeres (8,2 ± 4,0) que en hombres (6,4 ± 3,8; P 5. The ICSP washigher in women (8.2 ± 4.0) than in men (6.4 ± 3.8, P 5. O ICSP foi maior nas mulheres (8,2 ± 4,0) do quenos homens (6,4 ± 3,8, P < 0,001). O ICSP, juntamente com outros parâmetros coletados, sugere que os residentes doUruguai tinham má qualidade de sono no início da pandemia

Decreased electrocortical temporal complexity distinguishes sleep from wakefulness

This study was supported by the “Programa de Desarrollo de Ciencias Básicas”, PEDECIBA; Agencia Nacional de investigación e innovación (ANII), (FCE_1_2017_1_136550) and the “Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica” (CSIC) I + D - 2016 - 589 grant from Uruguay. N.R. acknowledges the CSIC group grant “CSIC2018 - FID 13 - Grupo ID 722”.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Calidad de sueño en Uruguay al inicio de la pandemia

El año 2020 será recordado por el comienzo de la pandemia de COVID-19, la que ha generado trágicas consecuencias para la salud personal y social. Además de los fallecimientos, contagios y el temor a estos, se redujo considerablemente la interacción social debido al confinamiento. Trabajos realizados en distintos países demostraron que la pandemia ha generado importantes trastornos del sueño, que en conjunto se los ha denominado corona-somnia o COVID-somnia. Con el objetivo de explorar si la pandemia afectó el sueño de los uruguayos, del 16 al 20 mayo del 2020 se realizó una encuesta anónima vía Web, a mayores de 18 años residentes en Uruguay (n =1137). Esta consistió en el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburg (ICSP), que es el cuestionario autoadministrado más utilizado para este fin. El ICSP explora 7 dimensiones de sueño (calidad subjetiva, latencia, duración, eficiencia, perturbaciones, medicación y disfunción diurna), con un rango de puntaje de 0 a 21 (mayor puntuación, menor calidad de sueño), donde un ICSP mayor a 5 se considera una mala calidad de sueño. Los resultados mostraron que el ICSP promedio fue de 7,4 ± 4,0, presentando 63% de los encuestados un ICSP > 5. El ICSP fue mayor en mujeres (8,2 ± 4,0) que en hombres (6,4 ± 3,8; P < 0.001). El ICSP junto con otros parámetros relevados, sugierenque los residentes en Uruguay presentaron una mala calidad de sueño al comienzo de la pandemia

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) : effects on sleep and wakefulness

Pablo Torterolo: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño. Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Atilio Falconi: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño. Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Luciana Benedetto: Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño. Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Alejandra Rodriguez-Haralambides: Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando, Uruguay.-- Caterina Rufo: Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando, Uruguay.-- Nelson Bracesco: Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Contacto: Pablo Torterolo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo-Uruguay. Tél: (598) 2924 34 14 ext. 3234. E-mail: [email protected], son cada vez más utilizados diversos estimulantes para aumentar la vigilia y su rendimiento. La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) ingerida como infusión, es una bebida tradicional de América del Sur, de amplio consumo en Uruguay, y popularmente reconocida como estimulante o activadora. Recientemente hemos publicado un trabajo preclínico donde estudiamos los efectos de Ilex paraguariensis sobre distintos parámetros del ciclo sueño-vigilia, demostrando por primera vez el efecto promotor de la vigilia de este producto. En la presente revisión se analiza el efecto activador de la Ilex paraguariensis y se discute el probable mecanismo de acción sobre los sistemas neurales activadores y somnogénicos. También se discute un posible papel de la Ilex paraguariensis en el tratamiento de la somnolencia excesiva y se sugiere contraindicarla en diversas condiciones que cursan con dificultad para conciliar el sueño.Nowadays, several stimulants are used in order to increase wakefulness and its efficiency. The “yerba mate” (Ilex paraguariensis) taken as an infusion, is a south-American beverage with widespread consumption in Uruguay and is traditionally recognized as a preparation that promotes wakefulness. Recently, we have published a preclinical paper where we studied the Ilex paraguariensis effects on different parameters of the sleep and wakefulness cycle, demonstrating for the first time that this product generates and maintains wakefulness. In the present revision, we analyze the activating effect of the Ilex paraguariensis. We also hypothesize that the activating effect is produced by actions on the waking and sleep-promoting neuronal systems. Finally, we also discuss the potential use of Ilex paraguariensis in the treatment of excessive sleep disorders, and suggest contraindicating this product in conditions that present difficulties in falling asleep and insomnia