Unravelling the skills and motivations of Magdalenian artists in the depths of Atxurra Cave (Northern Spain)

Atxurra cave has a decorated assemblage composed of more than a hundred engraved animal depictions. All of them are located in deep parts of the cave and most of them are hidden in raised areas, away from the main path. The main sector is the “Ledge of the Horses”, located at 330 m from the entrance of the cave. It is a space of 12 m long and 1.5 m wide, elevated 4 m above the cave floor. This area includes almost fifty engraved and painted animals accompanied by a dozen flint tools, three fireplaces, and around one hundred charcoal fragments from torches. This extraordinary archaeological record allows us to value the complexity of the artistic production inside the caves during the Upper Palaeolithic. Our study has confirmed that there is planning prior to artistic production, both in terms of the iconographic aspects (themes, techniques, formats), its location (visibility, capacity), and the lighting systems. Furthermore, the data indicates the panel was decorated to be seen by third parties from different positions and was expressly illuminated for this purpose. This evidence supports the role of rock art as a visual communication system in Upper Palaeolithic societies.The authors wish to thank the Cultural Heritage Service of the Diputación Foral de Bizkaia for funding the 4-year multidisciplinary study project (2016–2020) “Study of rock art in Atxurra cave” directed by Dr Diego Garate. The present study has been carried out within the framework of the research project "Before art: social investment in symbolic expressions during the Upper Palaeolithic in the Iberian Peninsula” (PID2019-107262GB-I00), PI: Diego Garate, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain), the research projet “Scientific virtual reality for the study and dissemination of the scenarios of artistic creation in Palaeolithic caves (RealCaveART)” (PDC2022-133124-I00), PI: Diego Garate, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR, and the research project “Creation and perception in Anatomically Modern Humans: analysis of the biological, cognitive and social skills linked to the production of Paleolithic art (ArtMindHuman)” (PID2021-125166OB-I00), PI: Olivia Rivero, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain). I. Intxaurbe’s PhD research is funded by a grant for the training of research personnel (PIF 2019) at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). M.A. Median-Alcaide developpes lighting system analyses inside the framework of her “A-Light” project of the HORIZON-MSCA-2021-PF-01-01 (101066376)

Propuesta de Área de Capacitación Específica en Urgencias y Emergencias para especialistas en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria

En este documento, el Grupo de Trabajo de Urgencias y Atención Continuada de la semFYC desarrolla una propuesta de área de capacitación específica de urgencias para médicos de familia, que recoge las necesidades formativas del profesional, de forma que le permita dar una respuesta adecuada, efectiva y eficiente a los requerimientos que se le plantean en la práctica diaria. El sentido de esta propuesta es dar respuesta a todos los protagonistas de la atención sanitaria: resuelve de manera eficiente para el sistema sanitario las necesidades de los médicos de familia que desarrollan su actividad en el ámbito de la urgencia, hospitalaria o extrahospitalaria, y coloca al paciente en el centro de atención

Scientific Virtual Reality: digital recreation of the paleolithic art context in the Atxurra Cave (Bizkaia)

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo una Reconstrucción Virtual Científica del contexto de realización de arte paleolítico de la Cueva de Atxurra, en base a la interpretación del registro arqueológico. Con el objetivo de servir como herramienta a la investigación y divulgación del patrimonio histórico, se han introducido varios modelos tridimensionales de la cavidad en un motor gráfico para su visualización en Realidad Virtual. Asimismo, se han recreado las condiciones lumínicas prehistóricas de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en un programa experimental sobre sistemas de iluminación paleolíticos en cuevas. De esta manera se ha conseguido una simulación inmersiva en tiempo real, que reproduce el estado de un sector de la cavidad en el momento de creación de las manifestaciones gráficas. Este hecho puede favorecer a la transmisión del patrimonio y a la formulación de nuevas hipótesis por parte de los investigadores.ABSTRACT: In this work, a Virtual Scientific Reconstruction of the context of the Paleolithic art of the Atxurra Cave has been carried out, based on the interpretation of the archaeological record. With the aim of serving as a tool for the investigation and scientific dissemination of the historical heritage, several three-dimensional models of the cavity have been introduced in a graphic engine for their visualization in Virtual Reality. Likewise, prehistoric lighting conditions have been recreated according to the results obtained in an experimental program on paleolithic lighting systems in caves. In this way, an immersive simulation in real time has been achieved, which reproduces the state of a sector of the cavity at the moment of creation of the graphic manifestations. This fact may to improve the transmission of heritage and the formulation of new hypotheses by researchers.Máster en Prehistoria y Arqueologí

Regreso a la cueva de El Morrón (Torres, Jaén): revisión arqueológica treinta y cinco años después de su descubrimiento

En este artículo presentamos el estudio arqueológico desarrollado en el marco de la Actividad Arqueológica Puntual de “Diagnóstico destinado a la preservación y propuesta de medidas correctoras para la conservación de la cueva de El Morrón (Torres, Jaén)” (2014-2015). La metodología aplicada ha consistido en la revisión sistemática de la totalidad de las superficies endokársticas, tanto parietales como pavimentarias, la documentación arqueométrica y catalogación de los restos arqueológico, tanto conocidos como inéditos, haciendo especial hincapié en su estado de conservación; la documentación fotográfica, la restitución gráfica mediante el tratamiento digital de las evidencias rupestres (calcos) junto con el análisis cronológico de todas evidencias de frecuentación desde una perspectiva estilística (motivos figurativos parietales) como radiométrica (datación de un resto óseo). En el piso de la cueva hemos detectado varios fragmentos de cerámica tanto a mano como a torno, una lasca de sílex y varios restos óseos, algunos humanos, junto con una acumulación antrópica de bloques y tierra. El repertorio gráfico de la cueva, aunque sigue siendo muy escueto, se ha ampliado con la representación parcial de un posible zoomorfo, varias manchas rojas y trazos negros. También presentamos la datación C14-AMS de uno de los restos óseos humanos. Asimismo, hemos constatado un importante deterioro de los figuras paleolíticas conocidas

Evolutionary recruitment of flexible Esrp-dependent splicing programs into diverse embryonic morphogenetic processes

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are crucial for the development of numerous animal structures. Thus, unraveling how molecular tools are recruited in different lineages to control interplays between these tissues is key to understanding morphogenetic evolution. Here, we study Esrp genes, which regulate extensive splicing programs and are essential for mammalian organogenesis. We find that Esrp homologs have been independently recruited for the development of multiple structures across deuterostomes. Although Esrp is involved in a wide variety of ontogenetic processes, our results suggest ancient roles in non-neural ectoderm and regulating specific mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in deuterostome ancestors. However, consistent with the extensive rewiring of Esrp-dependent splicing programs between phyla, most developmental defects observed in vertebrate mutants are related to other types of morphogenetic processes. This is likely connected to the origin of an event in Fgfr, which was recruited as an Esrp target in stem chordates and subsequently co-opted into the development of many novel traits in vertebrates.This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No ERC-StG-LS2-637591 to M.I.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant BFU2014-58908P to J.G.-F, BFU2014-55076-P to M.I., and the 'Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017', SEV-2012-0208), and ICREA - Generalitat de Catalunya (Academia Prize to J.G.-F). We acknowledge the support of the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. D.B. held an APIF fellowship from University of Barcelona, Y.M. an EMBO Long Term postdoctoral fellowship (ALTF 1505-2015), C.R. an EMBO long-term fellowship (ALTF 1608-2014), ATM an FPI-SO fellowship

Evolutionary recruitment of flexible Esrp-dependent splicing programs into diverse embryonic morphogenetic processes

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are crucial for the development of numerous animal structures. Thus, unraveling how molecular tools are recruited in different lineages to control interplays between these tissues is key to understanding morphogenetic evolution. Here, we study Esrp genes, which regulate extensive splicing programs and are essential for mammalian organogenesis. We find that Esrp homologs have been independently recruited for the development of multiple structures across deuterostomes. Although Esrp is involved in a wide variety of ontogenetic processes, our results suggest ancient roles in non-neural ectoderm and regulating specific mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in deuterostome ancestors. However, consistent with the extensive rewiring of Esrp-dependent splicing programs between phyla, most developmental defects observed in vertebrate mutants are related to other types of morphogenetic processes. This is likely connected to the origin of an event in Fgfr, which was recruited as an Esrp target in stem chordates and subsequently co- opted into the development of many novel traits in vertebrates