Penggunaan Media Gambar Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

Pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya tingkat kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai. Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang didapatkan masih terdapat beberapa siswa yang sama sekali belum bisa membaca. Pembelajaran membaca permulaan di SDN Uwedaka selama ini hanya menggunakan media pembelajaran yang konvensional yaitu dengan menggunakan papan tulis, pembelajaran yang hanya berpusat pada guru, penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu masih sangat terbatas, hal ini menyebabkan kemampuan membaca permulaan yang masih rendah dan terlihat hampir 65% siswa masih mengalami kesulitan membaca dalam proses belajar mengajar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes dan observasi siswa dan guru. data kuantitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes belajar. Desain penelitian ini mengacu pada desain oleh Kemmis dan Mc Taggart yang terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Data dikumpulkan melalui penilaian proses dan penilaian hasil setiap akhir tindakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata siswa yaitu sebesar 67 dengan ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 40% serta daya serap 66,6%. Pada siklus II, nilai rata-rata meningkat menjadi 83 dengan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100% serta daya serap klasikal sebesar 83,3%. Bersarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan terhadap siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

Tumor_LogR.GCadjusted_qnorm_117

Adjusted Log R Ratio values for the 117 tumour samples studied, after the application of the GC correction method and quantile normalization

Tumor_BAF_117orig

Original B allele frequency values for the 117 tumour samples studied

Diagnoses and histopathologic scores_ASCAT tumours

Histopathomorphological diagnoses and histopathologic score values for all tumours that achieced an ASCAT output (113 of 117 tumours). These diagnoses/scores were used in further analysis of the ASCAT output

DE-probe overlap with genomic annotation (Basal-like versus Luminal A and B tumors).

<p><b>A.–D.</b>: Number of DE-probes significantly differentially expressed between Basal-like and Luminal A and B tumors () and mapping to different genomic annotations. Log2 transformed odds ratios and their 95% confidence interval for the respective annotation dataset are shown. Odds ratios of observed versus expected probe overlaps were calculated and tested by Fisher's exact test for significant enrichment or depletion, with *** indicating , ** , and * , respectively. Missing error bars denote no DE-probes overlapped with according annotation. Results are shown (<b>A.</b>) for DE-probes located in annotated protein coding genes versus intergenic space based on Gencode release v12, (<b>B.–D.</b>) for intergenic or intronic non-coding DE-probes either located in several classes of known and predicted ncRNAs (B.), in non-coding transcripts regulated during cell cycle (CC), upon TP53 or Stat3 induction <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Hackermller1" target="_blank">[43]</a> (C.), or in regulatory sites (D.). (<b>E.</b>) Fraction of unique non-coding DE-loci in exons of known short and long ncRNAs, in genomic sites with conserved secondary structures, in antisense-direction to known non-coding exons (Gencode v12), or in novel sites. Numbers denote absolute number of DE-loci located in novel sites. For detailed output of Fisher's exact tests see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076.s011" target="_blank">Table S4</a>, and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076.s014" target="_blank">Table S7</a> for detailed description of annotation datasets.</p

Germline_BAF_117

B allele frequency values for the blood samples for each of the 71 dogs in the study

Tumor_LogR_117orig

Original Log R Ratio values for the 117 tumour samples studied

Differential expression analysis.

<p>The expression patterns of mRNA-probes and non-coding probes of 26 breast tumors and 5 normal breast tissues were investigated using the custom microarray. (<b>A.</b>) Fraction of unique genomic loci significantly differentially expressed () between normal and tumor samples located completely in exons of protein-coding genes (Gencode v12), in exons of known lncRNAs (lincRNAs, Gencode v12 lncRNAs, lncRNAs as annotated in lncRNAdb <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Amaral1" target="_blank">[51]</a>, and lncRNAs contained in chromatin <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Mondal1" target="_blank">[27]</a>), in exons of transcripts of uncertain coding potential (TUCPs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Cabili1" target="_blank">[23]</a>), in exons of short RNAs (UCSC sno/miRNA track), in genomic loci with conserved secondary structure motifs (Evofold <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Pedersen1" target="_blank">[59]</a>, RNAz <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Gruber1" target="_blank">[58]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Washietl3" target="_blank">[97]</a> and SISSIz <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Gesell1" target="_blank">[53]</a>), in antisense-direction to known exons (Gencode v12), or in novel genomic regions. (<b>B.</b>) Fraction of unique genomic loci significantly differentially expressed () between Basal-like and Luminal tumors and located in genomic annotations as described for panel A. Numbers beside bars denote absolute number of unique DE-loci.</p

HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3) mRNA and its putative regulatory antisense lncRNA.

<p>(<b>A.</b>) Genomic locus of HDAC3 on chromosome 5 and the antisense transcript downstream of HDAC3 with genomic positions of strand-specific RT-qPCR primers/products. Annotation track DE-TAR corresponds to genomic loci significantly downregulated upon TP53 induction <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106076#pone.0106076-Hackermller1" target="_blank">[43]</a>. Both transcripts appear to be significantly differentially expressed on the custom microarray (), exhibiting a non-synonymous expression pattern (<b>B.</b>). The transcription start site of the annotated antisense RNA overlaps with the transcription start site of DIAPH1. Genome-wide predictions of functional open reading frames (RNAcode, ) correspond mainly to exons of HDAC3 mRNA, while some short putative open reading frames overlap the antisense transcript. (<b>C.</b>) Strand-specific RT-qPCR validations relative to normal sample “RP38” for both, the HDAC3 mRNA and the antisense transcript.</p

Proximal lncRNA – mRNA pairs.

<p>For non-coding DE- probes significantly differentially expressed between normal and tumor samples (FDR) the protein-coding gene (Gencode release v12) with closest genome coordinates was identified, and the pair retained if the protein-coding gene was differentially expressed at the same FDR cutoff. Log2 fold change of the non-coding probe (<i>x</i>-axis) and the maximal log2 fold change of probes located in exons of the protein-coding gene (<i>y</i>-axis) is depicted as a bivariate histogram using hexagonal binning (R package hexbin). Pairs with converse fold changes are shown in the left upper and right lower quadrant. Pairs with consistent fold changes but opposite reading direction are shown in the left lower and right upper quadrant (see also panel describing direction of expression changes for each quadrant). Numbers in quadrant correspond to number of unique genes depicted. (<b>A.</b>) Proximal pairs, where the non-coding probe is intergenic. (<b>B.</b>) Pairs where the non-coding probes is in an intron of the protein-coding gene. (<b>C.</b>) Pairs where the non-coding probe and the protein-coding gene are on opposite strands and overlap at least partially.</p