Correction to: Quantifying and understanding carbon storage and sequestration within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, a tropical biodiversity hotspot

Abstract Upon publication of the original article [1], the authors noticed that the figure labelling for Fig. 4 in the online version was processed wrong. The top left panel should be panel a, with the panels to its right being b and c. d and e should be the panels on the lower row, and f is correct. The graphs themselves are all correct. It is simply the letter labels that are wrong

Performance of the LHCb RICH photo-detectors and readout in a system test using charged particles from a 25 ns-structured beam

a b s t r a c t The LHCb experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) utilises two Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detectors for particle identification. To verify that the RICH assembly will perform as expected prior to installation, an array of 48 production Hybrid Photon Detectors and their readout have been tested under realistic running conditions in a 25 ns-structured charged particle beam provided by the SPS facility at CERN. This system test is an important milestone in the overall commissioning of the LHCb detector and demonstrates that all aspects meet the stringent physics requirements of the LHCb experiment

Detecting and predicting forest degradation: A comparison of ground surveys and remote sensing in Tanzanian forests

Summary • Tropical forest degradation is widely recognised as a driver of biodiversity loss and a major source of carbon emissions. However, in contrast to deforestation, the more gradual changes from degradation are challenging to detect, quantify, and monitor. Here we present a field protocol for rapid, area-standardised quantifications of forest condition, which can also be done by non-specialists. Using the example of threatened high-biodiversity forests in Tanzania, we analyse and predict degradation based on this method. We also compare the field data to optical and radar remote sensing datasets, thereby conducting a large-scale, independent test of the ability of these products to map degradation in East Africa from space. • Our field data consist of 551 ‘degradation’ transects collected between 1996 and 2010, covering >600 ha across 86 forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests. • Degradation was widespread, with over one third of the study forests – mostly protected areas – having more than 10% of their trees cut. Commonly-used optical remote-sensing maps of complete tree cover loss only detected severe impacts (≥25% of trees cut), i.e. a focus on remotely sensed deforestation would have significantly underestimated carbon emissions and declines in forest quality. Radar-based maps detected even low impacts (<5% of trees cut) in ~90% of cases. The field data additionally allowed to differentiate different types and drivers of harvesting, with spatial patterns suggesting that logging and charcoal production were mainly driven by demand from major cities. • Rapid degradation surveys and radar remote sensing can provide an early warning and guide appropriate conservation and policy responses. This is particularly important in areas where forest degradation is more widespread than deforestation, such as in east and southern Africa

The front-end (Level-0) electronics interface module for the LHCb RICH detectors

The front-end (Level-0) electronics interface module for the LHCb Ring Imaging Čherenkov (RICH) detectors is described. This module integrates the novel hybrid photon detectors (HPDs), which instrument the RICH detectors, to the LHCb trigger, data acquisition (DAQ) and control systems. The system operates at 40 MHz with a first-level trigger rate of 1 MHz. The module design is presented and results are given for both laboratory and beam tests. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Proposal for multi-anode photo multiplier tubes as photo detectors for the LHCb RICH

We propose to use the Multianode Photo Multiplier Tubes (MAPMT) as the photosensitive device for the Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector in the LHCb experiment. We demonstrate that MAPMT meet the specifications which are required to perform excellent particle identification of charged tracks over the full acceptance. A baseline design is presented. At the end of 1999 the MAPMT has been selected as backup choice for the photodetectors. We present the implication of this decision on the baseline design

The design and performance of the ZEUS Central Tracking Detector <i>z</i>-by-timing system

The ZEUS Central Tracking Detector utilizes a time difference measurement to provide a fast determination of the z coordinate of each hit. The z-by-timing measurement is achieved by using a Time-to-Amplitude Converter which has an intrinsic timing resolution of 36 ps, has pipelined readout, and has a multihit capability of 48 ns. In order to maintain the required sub-nanosecond timing accuracy, the technique incorporates an automated self-calibration system. The readout of the z-by-timing data utilizes a fully customized timing control system which runs synchronously with the HERA beam-crossing clock, and a data acquisition system implemented on a network of Transputers. Three dimensional space-points provided by the z-by-timing system are used as input to all three levels of the ZEUS trigger and for offline track reconstruction. The average z resolution is determined to be 4.4 cm for multi-track events from positron-proton collisions in the ZEUS detector

Performance of the LHCb RICH photodetectors in a charged particle beam

The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors of LHCb will use pixel Hybrid Photon Detectors to measure the spatial position of Cherenkov photons. The first six pre-production photon detectors have been tested in a beam, together with prototypes of the on-detector electronics. The tests were performed at CERN using 10 GeV / c pions together with an N2 gas radiator as a source of Cherenkov light. With 1.1 m of radiator, around 10 photoelectrons were detected per track. The single-photon Cherenkov angle resolution was measured to be 1.66 ± 0.03 mrad, which is dominated by the pixelisation of the photon detector in the test-beam set-up. Both numbers agree with expectations. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Performance of the LHCb RICH photo-detectors and readout in a system test using charged particles from a 25 ns-structured beam

The LHCb experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) utilises two Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detectors for particle identification. To verify that the RICH assembly will perform as expected prior to installation, an array of 48 production Hybrid Photon Detectors and their readout have been tested under realistic running conditions in a 25 ns-structured charged particle beam provided by the SPS facility at CERN. This system test is an important milestone in the overall commissioning of the LHCb detector and demonstrates that all aspects meet the stringent physics requirements of the LHCb experiment. © 2009 Elsevier B.V