The role of Cav3.2 Ca2+ channels in influencing the activity of the layer II stellate cells of the Medial Entorhinal Cortex

Layer II (L II) Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC) stellate cell (SC) intrinsic membrane properties vary along the MEC dorsal-ventral axis. This has been attributed partly to altered HCN and K+ conductances (Garden et al. 2008; Giocomo and Hasselmo 2008). The subthreshold active T-type CaV3.2 Ca2+ channels, though, are also expressed in the MEC (Huang et al. 2011). CaV3.2 channels are known to influence neuronal excitability but their effects on dorsal and ventral LII MEC SC properties remain unknown. To investigate this, I obtained acute brain slices from CaV3.2 wild type (CaV3.2+/+) and null (CaV3.2-/-) 5-8 week old mice and made electrophysiological recordings from dorsal and ventral L II MEC SC. CaV3.2-/- ventral neurons displayed significantly reduced input resistance but little difference in resting membrane potential (RMP) compared with CaV3.2+/+ ventral neurons. Consequently, depolarizing steps resulted in fewer action potentials in CaV3.2-/- ventral SC than in wild type neurons. In contrast, dorsal CaV3.2-/- and CaV3.2+/+ SC properties were similar. Furthermore, CaV3.2+/+ ventral cells had a significantly higher α excitatory post synaptic potentials (αEPSP) summation ratio (at 50 Hz) in comparison to CaV3.2-/- ventral neurons. The Cav3 inhibitors, NiCl2 and TTA-P2, also significantly reduced input resistance and action potential firing in CaV3.2+/+ ventral neurons, whilst having little effect on CaV3.2+/+ dorsal or CaV3.2-/- neurons. Furthermore, voltage-clamp experiments revealed a significantly greater T-type Cav3.2 Ca2+ current in ventral than dorsal neurons. Our results suggest that Cav3.2 channels selectively affect L II MEC ventral SC properties, thereby contributing to the intrinsic membrane gradient across the MEC dorsal-ventral axis

Constructional damping mounting influence on T type frame vibrations

The study presents a formulation and solution for the problem of damped vibration in T-type frame. The physical model took into consideration the energy dissipation in a vibrating frame as a result of constructional damping in the points of the frame mounting and the supports. As the solution of the problem an influence of constructional damping and system geometry changes on first three eigenvalues of the frame are shown (damped frequencies and vibration amplitude decay rates)

The influence of constructional damping of mounting on the Mecynorrhina Torquata beetle wing-based frame vibrations

This paper presents the experimental study and numerical simulation on the influence of the constructional damping of mounting on the beetle wing-based frame vibrations. The physical model consist of four parts arranged horizontally and is based on the main structure of wing venation. The damping vibration was modelled by placing individual hyper viscous rotary dampers supports. The numerical modelling results and the experimental data were compared

"La parte de los crímenes": una <i>snuff movie</i> literaria

“La parte de los crímenes” es la única sección de 2666 en la que la trama queda subordinada a una cronología implacable, marcada por descripciones detalladas de cuerpos violados y maltratados de mujeres asesinadas en los alrededores de Santa Teresa, según el orden en que se vayan descubriendo. En el texto se especula acerca del supuesto vínculo entre los crímenes y la subindustria clandestina del cine porno, a saber: snuff movies. En ese artículo se investiga el paralelismo entre el cine porno, películas snuff y el texto bolañesco, con enfoque especial en la repetitividad y la pasión por lo Real.Mesa 2Centro de Estudios de Teoría y Crítica Literari

Kognition-Emotion-Volition. Fritz Hermanns’ Beitrag zur linguistischen Diskursanalyse

Cognition-Emotion-Volition. Fritz Hermanns’ contribution to linguistic discourse analysisThe article discusses Hermanns’ three-dimensional concept of meaning. According to this concept, based on Bühler`s model of signs, meaning exhibits cognitive, emotive and volitive, i.e. deontic components. Lexical meanings have to be determined by means of linguistic discourse analysis since they are conceived as the cognitions, emotions and volitions of social groups, i.e. as mutual knowledge and the expression of a collective mentality

Vaccinations against infuenza of healthcare workers

Flu is a contagious disease that poses a problem recurring in each influenza season with varying intensity. At the end of the XX and early XXI century new subtypes appeared , which indicates the high variability of the pathogen from the moment of its isolation to the present day. Many people do not realize, how big a threat is flu, its consequences have a significant rebound in both the health and economic sphere. On the issue of influenza, the best prevention measure is prophylaxis. Hygiene behaviour meet with approval and the problem of incorporating these behaviours into life, while the most effective way of preventing influenza in the form of vaccination, for unknown reasons, does not enjoy excessive recognition and good reputation among the population. Medical personnel through frequent and close contact with patients are exposed to various pathogens that cause disease. The increase in influenza flu among medical personnel facilitates the transmission of a disease that is spreading among patients and other employees. This creates a significant coordination problem, associated with the need to deal with staff shortages among employees, mainly during the epidemic seasons typical of influenza. The results of serological tests show that seasonal exposure to influenza virus is about 25% of medical workers [1]

Effects of seasons on the concentration of selected trace elements in horse hair

The studies were conducted on a group of 20 mares of the Hucul breed kept in free range system. The horses made use of pastures in summer periods while being fed with hay or silage during the winter. Mares that bore offspring regularly, in good conditions and healthy were involved in the analysis. Hair samples of about 500 mg were taken from areas around the neck under the mane of each horse four times a year. The concentration of 6 elements, i.e., B, Ni, Si, Mo, I and Cr were measured in each sample. Much higher concentrations of molybdenum and nickel were found in hair samples collected in spring, but more of boron in autumn while those from winter contained more of chromium, silicon and iodine. The concentration of all the analyzed minerals differed significantly in relation to the season. A significant positive relationship between levels of nickel and molybdenum on the one hand as well as between silicon and chromium on the other was demonstrated. A negative correlation was, however, observed between the levels of iodine and molybdenum as well as between iodine and nickel

Bruxism, that is, the impact of stress on temporomandibular joint

The pace of life in the 21st century, stress and all its negative effects make this problem a civilization disease. In 2013, World Health Organization provided the guidelines on the procedures in the cases connected with stress. About 77% of population regularly feels physical symptoms of stress, 17% suffers from bruxism (gnashing of teeth). The occurrence of bruxism has large impact on functional quality of temporomandibular joint. Long-term disease may lead to limitation of movements, which causes serious deterioration of quality of life. Bruxism may also lead to the disorders within muscles making moves in the discussed joint such as hypertrophy of masseter and temporal muscle, which results in the change of shape of the face („square face”) and to pain in the region of the attachments of these muscles. Many people suffer from bruxism and the effects of functional disorders of the temporomandibular joint are a serious health problem. Therefore, education making people aware of this disease and early diagnostics to implement appropriate treatment are necessary

Congenital Abnormalities of the Temporomandibular Joint - single conditions

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), due to its morphological structure, is a bicondylar joint, coupled in every movement. Intensive development of TMJ occurs in the early fetal period. Diseases of the temporomandibular joints differ in etiology and symptoms. The dysfunction of temporomandibular joint may lead to many problems connected with disorders of masseter muscles and bones building this joint and tissues around it. The aim of these studies is to describe several congenital abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint. Congenital deformities of the temporomandibular joint complex can present as a growth of mandible disturbances. They can occur as single condition characterized by hyperplasia or hypoplasia of joint structures. In extreme cases it can occure as agenesis, which is lack of formation. Tempotomandibular joint may be also affected by fibrous dysplasia, form of hyperplasia. They can also occur as a complex symptom with congenital mandible deformity, what can cause the problems with correct diagnosis. Temporomandibular joint disorders constitute a significant percentage of the viscerocranium diseases. All disorders occurring within these structures are usually associated with severe pain and significant discomfort. In dental practice, it is important to know in detail the symptoms associated with diseases of temporomandibular joint and also differentiate single conditions and complex symptoms.  

AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE RELATION BETWEEN HUCUL HORSES CONFORMATION ASSESSMENT, MOVEMENT AND COURAGE TEST RESULTS PART II. MARE FAMILIES

The objective of the research was to determine the relationship between evaluation of conformation and motion indicators and results of the Huculs’ path and also to ascertain the courage (basic and elimination) of Hucul horses with their classification into mare families being taken account of. The scores of 116 horses presented for the evaluation of their exterior (championship breeding) were analyzed. The assessment covered the type, body conformation, movement in walk and trot as well as overall impression and preparedness for the exhibition. Measurements of length of steps, frequency and rate of the walk and trot were performed during the tests for courage. The estimated correlation coefficients exhibited the existence of some interesting trends i.e., there was positive correlation between values for type, body conformation, movement in walk and trot and the length of steps in walk and trot in individuals representing most of mare families. The reverse was the case with horses from the Sroczka and Wyderka families. Amongst the Wrona, however, negative correlations between the grade for walk and frequency of steps in walk was observed while that of between the result of path and utility tests was positive