169 research outputs found
A Toom rule that increases the thickness of sets
Toom's north-east-self voting cellular automaton rule R is known to suppress
small minorities. A variant which we call R^+ is also known to turn an
arbitrary initial configuration into a homogenous one (without changing the
ones that were homogenous to start with). Here we show that R^+ always
increases a certain property of sets called thickness. This result is intended
as a step towards a proof of the fast convergence towards consensus under R^+.
The latter is observable experimentally, even in the presence of some noise.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure
Quantum memories based on engineered dissipation
Storing quantum information for long times without disruptions is a major
requirement for most quantum information technologies. A very appealing
approach is to use self-correcting Hamiltonians, i.e. tailoring local
interactions among the qubits such that when the system is weakly coupled to a
cold bath the thermalization process takes a long time. Here we propose an
alternative but more powerful approach in which the coupling to a bath is
engineered, so that dissipation protects the encoded qubit against more general
kinds of errors. We show that the method can be implemented locally in four
dimensional lattice geometries by means of a toric code, and propose a simple
2D set-up for proof of principle experiments.Comment: 6 +8 pages, 4 figures, Includes minor corrections updated references
and aknowledgement
Stochastic theory of non-equilibrium wetting
We study a Langevin equation describing non-equilibrium depinning and wetting
transitions. Attention is focused on short-ranged attractive
substrate-interface potentials. We confirm the existence of first order
depinning transitions, in the temperature-chemical potential diagram, and a
tricritical point beyond which the transition becomes a non-equilibrium
complete wetting transition. The coexistence of pinned and depinned interfaces
occurs over a finite area, in line with other non-equilibrium systems that
exhibit first order transitions. In addition, we find two types of phase
coexistence, one of which is characterized by spatio-temporal intermittency
(STI). A finite size analysis of the depinning time is used to characterize the
different coexisting regimes. Finally, a stationary distribution of
characteristic triangles or facets was shown to be responsible for the
structure of the STI phase.Comment: To appear in Europhys. Lett. // 3 figure
Multicomponent dynamical systems: SRB measures and phase transitions
We discuss a notion of phase transitions in multicomponent systems and
clarify relations between deterministic chaotic and stochastic models of this
type of systems. Connections between various definitions of SRB measures are
considered as well.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX 2
First order phase transition in a 1+1-dimensional nonequilibrium wetting process
A model for nonequilibrium wetting in 1+1 dimensions is introduced. It
comprises adsorption and desorption processes with a dynamics which generically
does not obey detailed balance. Depending on the rates of the dynamical
processes the wetting transition is either of first or second order. It is
found that the wet (unbound) and the non-wet (pinned) states coexist and are
both thermodynamically stable in a domain of the dynamical parameters which
define the model. This is in contrast with equilibrium transitions where
coexistence of thermodynamically stable states takes place only on the
transition line.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, including 4 eps figure
Novel non-equilibrium critical behavior in unidirectionally coupled stochastic processes
Phase transitions from an active into an absorbing, inactive state are
generically described by the critical exponents of directed percolation (DP),
with upper critical dimension d_c = 4. In the framework of single-species
reaction-diffusion systems, this universality class is realized by the combined
processes A -> A + A, A + A -> A, and A -> \emptyset. We study a hierarchy of
such DP processes for particle species A, B,..., unidirectionally coupled via
the reactions A -> B, ... (with rates \mu_{AB}, ...). When the DP critical
points at all levels coincide, multicritical behavior emerges, with density
exponents \beta_i which are markedly reduced at each hierarchy level i >= 2.
This scenario can be understood on the basis of the mean-field rate equations,
which yield \beta_i = 1/2^{i-1} at the multicritical point. We then include
fluctuations by using field-theoretic renormalization group techniques in d =
4-\epsilon dimensions. In the active phase, we calculate the fluctuation
correction to the density exponent for the second hierarchy level, \beta_2 =
1/2 - \epsilon/8 + O(\epsilon^2). Monte Carlo simulations are then employed to
determine the values for the new scaling exponents in dimensions d<= 3,
including the critical initial slip exponent. Our theory is connected to
certain classes of growth processes and to certain cellular automata, as well
as to unidirectionally coupled pair annihilation processes. We also discuss
some technical and conceptual problems of the loop expansion and their possible
interpretation.Comment: 29 pages, 19 figures, revtex, 2 columns, revised Jan 1995: minor
changes and additions; accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Primary marine aerosol-cloud interactions off the coast of California
Primary marine aerosol (PMA)-cloud interactions off the coast of California were investigated using observations of marine aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and stratocumulus clouds during the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los-Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol-Droplets (SOLEDAD) studies. Based on recently reported measurements of PMA size distributions, a constrained lognormal-mode-fitting procedure was devised to isolate PMA number size distributions from total aerosol size distributions and applied to E-PEACE measurements. During the 12 day E-PEACE cruise on the R/V Point Sur, PMA typically contributed less than 15% of total particle concentrations. PMA number concentrations averaged 12 cm^(−3) during a relatively calmer period (average wind speed 12 m/s^1) lasting 8 days, and 71 cm^(−3) during a period of higher wind speeds (average 16 m/s^1) lasting 5 days. On average, PMA contributed less than 10% of total CCN at supersaturations up to 0.9% during the calmer period; however, during the higher wind speed period, PMA comprised 5–63% of CCN (average 16–28%) at supersaturations less than 0.3%. Sea salt was measured directly in the dried residuals of cloud droplets during the SOLEDAD study. The mass fractions of sea salt in the residuals averaged 12 to 24% during three cloud events. Comparing the marine stratocumulus clouds sampled in the two campaigns, measured peak supersaturations were 0.2 ± 0.04% during E-PEACE and 0.05–0.1% during SOLEDAD. The available measurements show that cloud droplet number concentrations increased with >100 nm particles in E-PEACE but decreased in the three SOLEDAD cloud events
Teachers’ changing work and support needs from the perspectives of school leaders and newly qualified teachers in the Finnish context
Teachers operate amidst continuous societal changes that transform schools. In response, teachers must acquire wide-ranging professional competences to work in complex school situations while cooperating with numerous partners both within and outside the school. This study examines how teacher growth and the new demands of the teaching profession appear from the perspectives of school leaders and newly qualified teachers. The aim is to investigate in which professional competences new teachers require support at the beginning of their careers. After presenting various theoretical reflections, we analyse the empirical data of Finnish school leaders (N = 104) and new teachers (N = 145) using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results indicate that new teachers require support, for example, in order to provide holistic support for students’ learning and in working with partners, both within and outside the school community. The results provide important knowledge for the induction phase of teachers’ careers.Peer reviewe
- …