Chieftainship in Transkeian political development

In November 1963 the inhabitants of the Transkeian Territories, the largest block of Bantu reserve in the Republic of South Africa, went to the polls to elect representatives for a Legislative Assembly, upon whom the responsibility for the government of this, the first so-called ‘Bantustan’ to achieve a limited form of self-government, is to be laid. The election was the culminating point in a series of changes in the administrative structure of the area which have been characterized by an emphasis on the institution of chieftainship as the basis of local government. After approximately 60 years of rule through magistrates (later supplemented by a system of district councils) the Bantu Authorities Act of 1955 was introduced, giving greatly enhanced powers to the Chiefs, who now became the heads of the tribally-structured Bantu Authorities

Oscillatory oblique stagnation-point flow toward a plane wall

Two-dimensional oscillatory oblique stagnation-point flow toward a plane wall is investigated. The problem is a eneralisation of the steady oblique stagnation-point flow examined by previous workers. Far from the wall, the flow is composed of an irrotational orthogonal stagnation-point flow with a time-periodic strength, a simple shear flow of constant vorticity, and a time-periodic uniform stream. An exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is sought for which the flow streamfunction depends linearly on the coordinate parallel to the wall. The problem formulation reduces to a coupled pair of partial differential equations in time and one spatial variable. The first equation describes the oscillatory orthogonal stagnation-point flow discussed by previous workers. The second equation, which couples to the first, describes the oblique component of the flow. A description of the flow velocity field, the instantaneous streamlines, and the particle paths is sought through numerical solutions of the governing equations and via asymptotic analysis

Lapsuudessa koetun kiusaamisen vaikutukset mielenterveyteen aikuisen mielenterveyskuntoutujan näkökulmasta

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää aikuisten mielenterveyskuntoutujien kokemuksia koulukiusaamisen vaikutuksesta heidän omaan mielenterveyteensä. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa kokemuksellista tietoa koulukiusaamisen mahdollisista vaikutuksista mielenterveyteen ja siten lisätä valmiuksia ymmärtää kiusaamiskokemuksen merkityksellisyyttä suhteessa mielenterveysongelmiin. Opinnäytetyössä selvitettiin aikuisten mielenterveyskuntoutujien kokemuksia koulu- ja verkkokiusaamisesta ja kokemuksia niiden vaikutuksesta omaan mielenterveyteen, miten heidän mielestään kiusaamista tulisi ehkäistä ja mitkä tekijät auttoivat heitä selviämään kiusaamiskokemuksesta. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kvalitatiivisella tutkimusmenetelmällä, aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla ja analysoitiin sisällönanalyysillä. Tulosten perusteella keskeisinä syinä kiusaamiselle koettiin erilaisuus, ryhmäpaine ja vallanhalu. Kiusattu saattoi myös kiusata. Kiusaaminen oli henkistä, fyysistä, seksuaalista ja joukosta eristämistä. Kiusaamista tapahtui näkyvästi ja salassa ulkopuolisten huomiolta. Sitä tapahtui koulussa, koulun ulkopuolella ja internetin kautta. Henkinen kiusaaminen koettiin fyysistä pahempana. Kiusaamisen koettiin vaikuttaneen koulunkäyntiin suhtautumiseen, internetin käyttöön ja elämän kulkuun. Kiusaaminen kesti vuosia. Koulun henkilökunta ei saanut kiusaamista loppumaan. Kiusaaminen laski kiusatun arvoa muiden silmissä. Kiusaamisen koettiin heikentäneen itsetuntoa, vaikuttaneen identiteettiin, tuoneen vaikeuksia ihmissuhteisiin, aiheuttaneen ahdistusta ja pelkoa, heikentäneen elämänhalua ja traumatisoivan. Kiusaamiskokemuksen käsittely terapeuttisissa hoitosuhteissa auttoi, mutta apua saatiin myös sosiaalisista kontakteista, itsereflektiosta, lääkkeistä, henkisestä kasvusta ja hengellisyydestä. Kiusaamistilanteiden välttämisestä koettiin myös olleen apua ja negatiivisten tunteiden välttämisestä saatiin väliaikaista apua. Opettajilta toivottiin enemmän aktiivisuutta kiusaamisen ehkäisyssä. Koululta toivottiin ehkäisevien toimenpiteiden edistämistä ja terveydenhuollolta tukipalveluita. Myös oppilaiden suvaitsevaisuutta toivottiin edistettävän. Opinnäytetyöstä esille nousseita jatkotutkimusehdotuksia olivat verkkokiusaamisen esiintyvyyden tarkempi tutkiminen ja yksilölle koulukiusaamisesta koituvien haittojen lyhyen ja pitkän aikavälin yhteiskunnallisten kustannusten tutkiminen.The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis was to investigate how adult persons rehabilitating after childhood school bullying have experienced school bullying influencing their mental health. The objective of this bachelor’s thesis was to produce praxis information of the possible effects of school bullying on mental health and then increase the understanding of the effects of bullying on mental health. This bachelor’s thesis examined adult mental health rehabilitees’ experiences of school and cyber bullying and how it affected their mental health and how they think school bullying can be prevented and what helped them to survive bullying. This bachelor’s thesis was produced by qualitative method the material was collected by interviews and analyzed by content analysis. Based on the results, the essential reasons for bullying were thought to be being different, group pressure and desire for power. A bullied victim could also bully others. The forms of bullying were physical, sexual, psychical and isolating from the group. Bullying happened openly and in secrecy from the attention of outsiders. It happened in school, outside school grounds and in cyber space. Psychical bullying was experienced more harmful than physical bullying. Bullying affected the bullied persons’ attitude towards school, their lifespan and the way they used the internet. Bullying lasted for years. School staff could not stop the bullying. Being bullied was experienced to lower the victim’s dignity in the eyes of others. Having been bullied was experienced to lower self-esteem, affect the sense of one’s own identity and affect relationships harmfully, cause anxiety and fear, weaken zest for life and cause psychical trauma. Processing the bullying experience in therapeutic treatment was thought to help, but help was also received from social relationships, self-reflection, drugs, psychical growth and spirituality. Avoiding situations of bullying was also experienced to help and avoiding the negative emotions helped temporarily. More active prevention of bullying was expected from teachers. More preventing measures were expected from school and more supportive services from health care. Also the pupils’ tolerance was expected to be enhanced. Suggestions for further studies that rose from this bachelor’s thesis were to examine the incidence of cyber bullying and the short and long term expenses to society from harm done to an individual from school bullying

Skin microvascular vasodilatory capacity in offspring of two parents with Type 2 diabetes

Aims<br/> Microvascular dysfunction occurs in Type 2 diabetes and in subjects with fasting hyperglycaemia. It is unclear whether this dysfunction relates to dysglycaemia. This study investigated in normogylcaemic individuals whether a genetic predisposition to diabetes, or indices of insulin resistance including endothelial markers, were associated with impaired microvascular function.<br/> Methods<br/> Maximum microvascular hyperaemia to local heating of the skin was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry in 21 normoglycaemic subjects with no family history of diabetes (Group 1) and 21 normoglycaemic age, sex and body mass index-matched offspring of two parents with Type 2 diabetes (Group 2). <br/>Results<br/> Although Group 2 had normal fasting plasma glucose and glucose tolerance tests, the 120-min glucose values were significantly higher at 6.4 (5.3-6.6) mmol/l (median (25th-75th centile)) than the control group at 4.9 (4.6-5.9) mmol/l (P=0.005) and the insulinogenic index was lower at 97.1 (60.9-130.8) vs. 124.0 (97.2-177.7) (P=0.027). Skin maximum microvascular hyperaemia (Group 1: 1.56 (1.39- 1.80) vs. Group 2: 1.53 (1.30-1.98) V, P=0.99) and minimum microvascular resistance which normalizes the hyperaemia data for blood pressure (Group 1: 52.0 (43.2-67.4) vs. Group 2: 56.0 (43.7-69.6) mmHgN, P=0.70) did not differ in the two groups. Significant positive associations occurred between minimum microvascular resistance and indices of the insulin resistance syndrome; plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (R-s=0.46, P=0.003), t-PA (R-s=0.36, P=0.03), total cholesterol (R-s=0.35, P=0.02), and triglyceride concentration (R-s=0.35, P=0.02), and an inverse association with insulin sensitivity (R-s=-0.33, P=0.03).<br/> Conclusions<br/> In normoglycaemic adults cutaneous microvascular vasodilatory capacity is associated with features of insulin resistance syndrome, particularly with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. A strong family history of Type 2 diabetes alone does not result in impairment in the maximum hyperaemic response

South Africa: anthropology or anthropologies?

A direct result of South Africa’s specific history has been the extraordinary significance of its contested, if not conflicting, political and ideological positions on anthropology’s South African trajectories. This was particularly true for the apartheid era between 1948 and the early 1990s when, as Robert Gordon and Andrew Spiegel (1993:86) have observed, South African anthropology had largely succumbed to apartheid as the dominant power in the country and in the region as a whole, with “its discourse perniciously dictating what should be written by both its supporters and, significantly, its opponents.” Yet, as we demonstrate in this article, sociopolitical historical circumstances were momentous factors in the development of the discipline from its beginnings in South Africa in the early 1920s, and they continue to influence contemporary debates and practices

Gendered endings: Narratives of male and female suicides in the South African Lowveld

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-012-9258-y. Copyright @ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.Durkheim’s classical theory of suicide rates being a negative index of social solidarity downplays the salience of gendered concerns in suicide. But gendered inequalities have had a negative impact: worldwide significantly more men than women perpetrate fatal suicides. Drawing on narratives of 52 fatal suicides in Bushbuckridge, South Africa, this article suggests that Bourdieu’s concepts of ‘symbolic violence’ and ‘masculine domination’ provide a more appropriate framework for understanding this paradox. I show that the thwarting of investments in dominant masculine positions have been the major precursor to suicides by men. Men tended to take their own lives as a means of escape. By contrast, women perpetrated suicide to protest against the miserable consequences of being dominated by men. However, contra the assumption of Bourdieu’s concept of ‘habitus’, the narrators of suicide stories did reflect critically upon gender constructs

The specialty choices of graduates from Brighton and Sussex Medical School: a longitudinal cohort study

BACKGROUND Since 2007 junior doctors in the UK have had to make major career decisions at a point when previously many had not yet chosen a specialty. This study examined when doctors in this new system make specialty choices, which factors influence choices, and whether doctors who choose a specialty they were interested in at medical school are more confident in their choice than those doctors whose interests change post-graduation. METHODS Two cohorts of students in their penultimate year at one medical school (n = 227/239) were asked which specialty interested them as a career. Two years later, 210/227 were sent a questionnaire measuring actual specialty chosen, confidence, influence of perceptions of the specialty and experiences on choice, satisfaction with medicine, personality, self-efficacy, and demographics. Medical school and post-graduation choices in the same category were deemed 'stable'. Predictors of stability, and of not having chosen a specialty, were calculated using bootstrapped logistic regression. Differences between specialties on questionnaire factors were analysed. RESULTS 50% responded (n = 105/277; 44% of the 239 Year 4 students). 65% specialty choices were 'stable'. Factors univariately associated with stability were specialty chosen, having enjoyed the specialty at medical school or since starting work, having first considered the specialty earlier. A regression found doctors who chose psychiatry were more likely to have changed choice than those who chose general practice. Confidence in the choice was not associated with stability. Those who chose general practice valued lifestyle factors. A psychiatry choice was associated with needing a job and using one's intellect to help others. The decision to choose surgical training tended to be made early. Not having applied for specialty training was associated with being lower on agreeableness and conscientiousness. CONCLUSION Medical school experiences are important in specialty choice but experiences post-graduation remain significant, particularly in some specialties (psychiatry in our sample). Career guidance is important at medical school and should be continued post-graduation, with senior clinicians supported in advising juniors. Careers advice in the first year post-graduation may be particularly important, especially for specialties which have difficulty recruiting or are poorly represented at medical school

Cross-class metallo-β-lactamase inhibition by bisthiazolidines reveals multiple binding modes

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze almost all β-lactam antibiotics and are unaffected by clinically available β-lactamase inhibitors (βLIs). Active-site architecture divides MBLs into three classes (B1, B2, and B3), complicating development of βLIs effective against all enzymes. Bisthiazolidines (BTZs) are carboxylate-containing, bicyclic compounds, considered as penicillin analogs with an additional free thiol. Here, we show both L- and D-BTZ enantiomers are micromolar competitive βLIs of all MBL classes in vitro, with Ki sof6-15 μM or 36-84 μM for subclass B1 MBLs (IMP-1 and BcII, respectively), and 10-12 μM for the B3 enzyme L1. Against the B2 MBL Sfh-I, the L-BTZ enantiomers exhibit 100-fold lower Ki s (0.26-0.36 μM) than D-BTZs (26-29 μM). Importantly, cell-based time-kill assays show BTZs restore β-lactam susceptibility of Escherichia coli-producing MBLs (IMP-1, Sfh-1, BcII, and GOB-18) and, significantly, an extensively drug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolate expressing L1. BTZs therefore inhibit the full range of MBLs and potentiate β-lactam activity against producer pathogens. X-ray crystal structures reveal insights into diverse BTZ binding modes, varying with orientation of the carboxylate and thiol moieties. BTZs bind the di-zinc centers of B1 (IMP-1; BcII) and B3 (L1) MBLs via the free thiol, but orient differently depending upon stereochemistry. In contrast, the L-BTZ carboxylate dominates interactions with the monozinc B2 MBL Sfh-I, with the thiol uninvolved. D-BTZ complexes most closely resemble β-lactam binding to B1 MBLs, but feature an unprecedented disruption of the D120-zinc interaction. Cross-class MBL inhibition therefore arises from the unexpected versatility of BTZ binding.Fil: Hinchliffe, Philip. University of Bristol; Reino UnidoFil: Gonzalez, Javier Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mojica, María. Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Estados Unidos. Case Western Reserve University; Estados UnidosFil: Gonzalez, Javier Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Bionanotecnología del Noa; ArgentinaFil: Castillo, Valerie. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Saiz Garcia, Cecilia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Kosmopoulou, Magda. University of Bristol; Reino UnidoFil: Tooke, Catherine. University of Bristol; Reino UnidoFil: Llarrull, Leticia Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Mahler, Graciela. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bonomo, Robert. Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Estados Unidos. Case Western Reserve University; Estados UnidosFil: Vila, Alejandro Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Spencer, James. University of Bristol; Reino Unid

Real Individuals Striving For Excellence (Rise): An Occupational Therapy Based Re-Entry Program For A Rural Jail Facility

Title: Real Individuals Striving for Excellence (RISE): An occupational therapy based re-entry program for a rural jail facility. Introduction: The United States criminal justice system continues to be known for currently holding over 2 million people within state, federal, local, and juvenile correctional facilities (prisonpolicy.org, 2021). Jail incarceration rates have increased 15% from 2020 to 2021 following a 26% decline from midyear 2019 (Zeng, 2022). Many individuals involved in the criminal justice system will be arrested again within the same year due to unsuccessful transitions back into the community. The purpose of this scholarly project was to develop a program aimed at reducing recidivism rates among individuals incarcerated in rural correctional facilities. Method: A needs assessment was conducted through a comprehensive literature review in order to identify the facility and individual needs of the targeted population. The development of this program was guided by the Model of Human Occupation [MOHO] (O’Brien, 2017). While the role of occupational therapy (OT) in this context is still emerging, literature supports the unique scope of OT practice as beneficial for this population. The overarching goal of OT in this setting is to create a holistic, client-centered, occupation-based program that assists individuals with a history in the criminal justice system through enhancing essential skills for success in community reintegration. Results: It is anticipated that this program will support individuals involved with the criminal justice system to gain skills needed to be successful during their transition from incarceration to community and reengage in healthy meaningful occupations