IMECE2003-44104 SIMULATION AND BOGIE TESTING OF A NEW CABLE BARRIER TERMINAL

ABSTRACT Roadside barriers of various designs are extensively used for the purpose of shielding obstacles along the road from impact with errant vehicles. One commonly applied roadside barrier system is a cable system, consisting of three steel cables supported by weak steel posts. Due to an increase in the use of cable systems, a tangent to the roadway, as opposed to flared away from the roadway, crashworthy end terminal has been designed by the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility. The design goal was to effectively disengage the pre-tensioned cables at the end anchor point when impacted on the end by a vehicle, allowing the vehicle to pass through the system virtually unobstructed. It is the objective of this study to help evaluate the new design through bogie testing and nonlinear finite element analysis using LS-DYNA. Based on bogie test results and detailed analysis of the simulation results, it was concluded that the new cable end terminal was ready for full-scale crash testing. INTRODUCTION Roadside barriers of various designs are extensively used for the purpose of shielding obstacles along the road from impact with errant vehicles. One commonly applied roadside barrier system is the 3-strand cable system. This system consists of three steel cables supported by weak steel posts. The steel cables are pre-tensioned with a specified initial load, and are anchored at both ends of the system. When an errant vehicle obliquely impacts the 3-strand cable system, sufficient tension is developed within the cables to redirect the vehicle, effectively shielding the roadside hazard and increasing the safety of the vehicle operator. The weak steel posts supporting the cables offer very little resistance to the impacting vehicle. Due to the likelihood of a longitudinal impact with the end of the 3-strand cable system, a crashworthy end terminal has been designed by the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF). The design goal was to effectively disengage the pre-tensioned cables at the end anchor point upon impact with a vehicle, allowing the vehicle to pass through the system virtually unobstructed. To assist in the development of the 3-strand cable system end terminal, the CTB-4 bogie crash test was conducted. It is the objective of this study to simulate the cable terminal bogie test CTB-4 using LS-DYNA, a nonlinear finite element analysis code (1), and validate the simulation results with that of the physical test

A Fragment of the LG3 Peptide of Endorepellin Is Present in the Urine of Physically Active Mining Workers: A Potential Marker of Physical Activity

Biomarker analysis has been implemented in sports research in an attempt to monitor the effects of exertion and fatigue in athletes. This study proposed that while such biomarkers may be useful for monitoring injury risk in workers, proteomic approaches might also be utilised to identify novel exertion or injury markers. We found that urinary urea and cortisol levels were significantly elevated in mining workers following a 12 hour overnight shift. These levels failed to return to baseline over 24 h in the more active maintenance crew compared to truck drivers (operators) suggesting a lack of recovery between shifts. Use of a SELDI-TOF MS approach to detect novel exertion or injury markers revealed a spectral feature which was associated with workers in both work categories who were engaged in higher levels of physical activity. This feature was identified as the LG3 peptide, a C-terminal fragment of the anti-angiogenic/anti-tumourigenic protein endorepellin. This finding suggests that urinary LG3 peptide may be a biomarker of physical activity. It is also possible that the activity mediated release of LG3/endorepellin into the circulation may represent a biological mechanism for the known inverse association between physical activity and cancer risk/survival

Aberration-free three-dimensional multiphoton imaging of neuronal activity at kHz rates

Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful tool in neuroscience, promising to deliver important data on the spatiotemporal activity within individual neurons as well as in networks of neurons. A major limitation of current technologies is the relatively slow scan rates along the z direction compared to the kHz rates obtainable in the x and y directions. Here, we describe a custom-built microscope system based on an architecture that allows kHz scan rates over hundreds of microns in all three dimensions without introducing aberration. We further demonstrate how this high-speed 3D multiphoton imaging system can be used to study neuronal activity at millisecond resolution at the subcellular as well as the population level

Labor and Employment Practices: the Rise and Fall of the New Managerialism

Since the beginning of industrial capitalism, labor resistance and control havebeen central problems for management. Yet these problems have varied considerably,in large part depending on the context within which the employmentrelation is embedded and particularly the broader political economy characterizingit. Workplace and management practices have tended to develop in reflectionof this context, while forming an important component of it, with social as well aseconomic consequences. This chapter addresses these practices, the conditionsunder which they have developed from the 1950s to present, and what some oftheir consequences have been. Although focus is on the practices believed to bedominant at various points in time, variation across and within nations is alsoaddressed