The Portrayal of Indonesian Image in 2007 Kompas Selected Short Stories: Social Problems, Criticisms and Hopes

Article aimed at exploring social problems reflected in 15 selected short stories printed in Kompas during 2007 both explicitly and implicitly. Specifically, this research is focused on the mapping of dominant social problems raised by the short stories, the social criticisms strongly voiced by the authors and the hopes of a better situation implicitly reflected in these interesting short stories. This study applies the Defamiliarization Effect promoted by Bertolt Brecht and Negative Dialectics or Negative Knowledge by Theodor Adorno, specifically in analyzing the literary works as a criticism tool. The result of the research shows that phenomena of social problems current lately in Indonesian context like identity, poverty, corruption, religious tensions, moral degradation, politics dirtiness, minority group problems, social security, natural disasters and the like are clearly seen and teased in these writings

Formation of supramolecular hetero-triads by controlling the hydrogen bonding of conjugate bases with a diprotonated porphyrin based on electrostatic interaction

The thermodynamic stability of diprotonated saddle-distorted dodecaphenylporphyrin (H4DPP2+(X−)2) was controlled by the hydrogen-bonding strength of conjugate bases (X−) of strong acids (HX) or acids (R+-COOH) having positively charged moieties. The thermodynamic control of H4DPP2+(X−)2 made it possible to achieve selective formation of supramolecular hetero-triads, H4DPP2+(X−)(Cl−)

Formation and Isolation of a Four-Electron-Reduced Porphyrin Derivative by Reduction of a Stable 20π Isophlorin

The two‐electron reduction of a diprotonated dodecaphenylporphyrin derivative by Na2S2O4 gave a corresponding isophlorin (Iph) selectively. Formation of Iph was confirmed by spectroscopic measurements and the isolation of tetramethylated Iph. Further reduction of Iph proceeded to form an unprecedented four‐electron‐reduced porphyrin (IphH2), which was fully characterized by spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic analysis. IphH2, with a unique conformation, could be oxidized to reproduce the starting porphyrin, resulting in a proton‐coupled four‐electron reversible redox system

Efficient photocatalytic proton-coupled electron-transfer reduction of O2 using a saddle-distorted porphyrin as a photocatalyst

Photocatalytic O2 reduction reactions proceeded to produce H2O2 using a diprotonated saddle-distorted dodecaphenylporphyrin as a photocatalyst. The quantum yield (12%), the turnover number (3000 for 6 h), and the turnover frequency (500 h−1) are achieved in photocatalytic systems based on free-base porphyrins for the first time. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism has been revealed by ns-laser flash photolysis and kinetic analysis

Ring-fused porphyrins: extension of π-conjugation significantly affects the aromaticity and optical properties of the porphyrin π-systems and the Lewis acidity of the central metal ions

Here, we report the effects of ring fusion, which causes expansion of the π-conjugation circuits of the porphyrin derivatives to the fused meso-aryl groups, on the aromaticity and the magnetic properties of porphyrin derivatives. These studies revealed the facts that the ring fusion with five-membered rings causes not only the remarkable red shifts of the absorption bands and narrowed HOMO–LUMO gaps, but also the contribution of anti-aromatic resonance forms to the magnetic properties as observed in the 1H NMR spectra. The optical absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies indicate that the increase in the number of the fused rings causes stabilization of the LUMO level of the porphyrin derivatives and as a result induces the loosening of the LUMO degeneracy that is generally observed for porphyrins. The electronic structure of a quadruply fused porphyrin derivative was experimentally clarified by the ESR studies on the 1e−-oxidized and 1e−-reduced species in THF. Furthermore, we revealed the substituent effects of the fused meso-aryl groups of quadruply fused porphyrins (QFPs) on the crystal structures, absorption spectra and redox potentials; the sensitiveness of the substituent effects shows that the π-conjugation circuits extended to the fused meso-aryl groups. Additionally, the elongation of the bond lengths between the pyrrolic nitrogen and the central metal ions in QFP–metal complexes causes a remarkable increase of the Lewis acidity of the central metal ions

Fundamental electron-transfer and proton-coupled electron-transfer properties of Ru(iv)-oxo complexes

Isolation and characterisation of Ru-IV(O) complexes were accomplished to investigate their fundamental electron transfer (ET) and proton-coupled ET (PCET) properties. Reorganisation energies (lambda) in electron transfer (ET) and proton-coupled ET (PCET) from electron donors to the isolated Ru-IV(O) complexes have been determined for the first time to be in the range of 1.70-1.88 eV (ET) and 1.20-1.26 eV (PCET). It was suggested that the reduction of the lambda values of PCET in comparison with those of ET should be due to the smaller structural change in PCET than that in ET on the basis of DFT calculations on 1 and 1e(-)-reduced 1 in the absence and presence of TFA, respectively. In addition, the smaller lambda values for the Ru-IV(O) complexes than those reported for Fe-IV(O) and Mn-IV(O) complexes should be due to the lack of participation of d(sigma) orbitals in the ET and PCET reactions. This is the first example to evaluate fundamental ET and PCET properties of Ru-IV(O) complexes leading to further understanding of their reactivity in oxidation reactions

CNVs in Three Psychiatric Disorders

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the similarities and differences in the roles of genic and regulatory copy number variations (CNVs) in bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Based on high-resolution CNV data from 8708 Japanese samples, we performed to our knowledge the largest cross-disorder analysis of genic and regulatory CNVs in BD, SCZ, and ASD. RESULTS: In genic CNVs, we found an increased burden of smaller (500 kb) exonic CNVs in SCZ/ASD. Pathogenic CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly associated with the risk for each disorder, but BD and SCZ/ASD differed in terms of the effect size (smaller in BD) and subtype distribution of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. We identified 3 synaptic genes (DLG2, PCDH15, and ASTN2) as risk factors for BD. Whereas gene set analysis showed that BD-associated pathways were restricted to chromatin biology, SCZ and ASD involved more extensive and similar pathways. Nevertheless, a correlation analysis of gene set results indicated weak but significant pathway similarities between BD and SCZ or ASD (r = 0.25–0.31). In SCZ and ASD, but not BD, CNVs were significantly enriched in enhancers and promoters in brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS: BD and SCZ/ASD differ in terms of CNV burden, characteristics of CNVs linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, and regulatory CNVs. On the other hand, they have shared molecular mechanisms, including chromatin biology. The BD risk genes identified here could provide insight into the pathogenesis of BD

シンキ コンラン ポルフィリノイド ノ ゴウセイ ハンノウセイ ブッセイ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(理学)甲第10634号理博第2776号新制||理||1405(附属図書館)UT51-2004-G481京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻(主査)教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 林 民生, 教授 丸岡 啓二学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of ScienceKyoto UniversityDA