Analysis of Technological Portfolios for CO2 stabilizations and Effects of Technological Changes

In this study, cost-effective technological options to stabilize CO2 concentrations at 550, 500, and 450 ppmv are evaluated using a world energy systems model of linear programming with a high regional resolution. This model treats technological change endogenously for wind power, photovoltaics, and fuel-cell vehicles, which are technologies of mass production and are considered to follow the “learning by doing” process. Technological changes induced by climate policies are evaluated by maintaining the technological changes at the levels of the base case wherein there is no climate policy. The results achieved through model analyses include 1) cost-effective technological portfolios, including carbon capture and storage, marginal CO2 reduction costs, and increases in energy system cost for three levels of stabilization and 2) the effect of the induced technological change on the above mentioned factors. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the learning rate.Energy systems model, Global warming, Technological portfolios, Technological changes

Evaluation of CO2 emissions based on the consumption-based measurement under CO2 reduction scenarios of different reduction levels

This study evaluates the regional and sectoral CO2 emissions estimated by different CO2 emissions accounting methodologies around 2050 under different CO2 reduction scenarios. The production-based measurement of CO2 emissions is based on polluter pays principle, while the consumption-based measurement is based on beneficiary pays principle. In the field of global warming, the widely used methodology for CO2 emissions accounting is the production-based measurement of CO2 emissions generated inside a country. Recently, the consumption-based emissions measurement, which is similar to the concepts of carbon footprint or CO2 visualization, started to be recognized as one of alternative approaches for the substantial reduction of CO2. The international trade accompanied with the CO2 emissions that are defined to be emitted in production and distribution processes outside the country is taken into account for consumption-based CO2 emissions measurements. Most of previous studies only focused on the historical estimations of consumption-based CO2 emissions and there are few analyses on the future consumption-based emissions corresponding to CO2 reduction scenarios. This paper presents the future consumption-based CO2 emissions by region and by sector toward 2050 under severe reduction scenarios of CO2 using GTAP database in the base year and an energy-economic model with multi-regions and multi-sectors. The introductions of CO2 emission reduction policies aimed at the level of 550ppmv CO2 stabilization target and the target of halving emissions by 2050 lead to the international structures of industry where goods with relatively high CO2 intensity consumed in developed regions are produced in developing regions through international trade. More stringent reduction levels of production-based CO2 emission lead to much higher consumption-based CO2 emissions in the OECD region

Evaluation of sectoral and regional CO2 emissions: production-based and consumption-based accounting measurements

This study evaluates the regional and sectoral CO2 emissions estimated by different CO2 emissions accounting methodologies. The widely used methodology for CO2 emissions accounting is the measurement of CO2 emissions generated inside a country. When a country imports goods, virtual CO2 emissions that are emitted in their production and distribution processes outside the country are accompanied. Thus, the international trade must be taken into account for consumption-based CO2 emissions measurements. The GTAP (Ver.6) input-output tables and bilateral trade matrix database of goods and services are utilized for estimating the consumption-based CO2 emissions in this study. The result is that the consumption-based CO2 emissions gradually increased in the developed countries more than domestic emissions for the 2001, and the emissions in developing countries show the opposite trend. From the conceptual viewpoint of human welfare and equity, the international framework of emissions reduction should be based on the consumption-based emissions because former type of emissions naturally represent the magnitude of domestic consumption more fairly than the latter type of emissions. From the practical viewpoint of carbon leakage, the international framework based on the consumption-based emissions is more preferable than that based on the domestic one because developed countries who have to reduce their consumption-based emissions must do so not only by reducing their domestic emissions but also by reducing virtual emissions. The former framework will lead to improvements of energy efficiency and carbon intensity in developing countries, and thus technology transfer and not dirty-industry transfer to developing countries

Evaluation of sectoral and regional CO2 emissions: production-based and consumption-based accounting measurements

This study evaluates the regional and sectoral CO2 emissions estimated by different CO2 emissions accounting methodologies. The widely used methodology for CO2 emissions accounting is the measurement of CO2 emissions generated inside a country. When a country imports goods, virtual CO2 emissions that are emitted in their production and distribution processes outside the country are accompanied. Thus, the international trade must be taken into account for consumption-based CO2 emissions measurements. The GTAP (Ver.6) input-output tables and bilateral trade matrix database of goods and services are utilized for estimating the consumption-based CO2 emissions in this study. The result is that the consumption-based CO2 emissions gradually increased in the developed countries more than domestic emissions for the 2001, and the emissions in developing countries show the opposite trend. From the conceptual viewpoint of human welfare and equity, the international framework of emissions reduction should be based on the consumption-based emissions because former type of emissions naturally represent the magnitude of domestic consumption more fairly than the latter type of emissions. From the practical viewpoint of carbon leakage, the international framework based on the consumption-based emissions is more preferable than that based on the domestic one because developed countries who have to reduce their consumption-based emissions must do so not only by reducing their domestic emissions but also by reducing virtual emissions. The former framework will lead to improvements of energy efficiency and carbon intensity in developing countries, and thus technology transfer and not dirty-industry transfer to developing countries

Evaluation of CO2 emissions based on the consumption-based measurement under CO2 reduction scenarios of different reduction levels

This study evaluates the regional and sectoral CO2 emissions estimated by different CO2 emissions accounting methodologies around 2050 under different CO2 reduction scenarios. The production-based measurement of CO2 emissions is based on polluter pays principle, while the consumption-based measurement is based on beneficiary pays principle. In the field of global warming, the widely used methodology for CO2 emissions accounting is the production-based measurement of CO2 emissions generated inside a country. Recently, the consumption-based emissions measurement, which is similar to the concepts of carbon footprint or CO2 visualization, started to be recognized as one of alternative approaches for the substantial reduction of CO2. The international trade accompanied with the CO2 emissions that are defined to be emitted in production and distribution processes outside the country is taken into account for consumption-based CO2 emissions measurements. Most of previous studies only focused on the historical estimations of consumption-based CO2 emissions and there are few analyses on the future consumption-based emissions corresponding to CO2 reduction scenarios. This paper presents the future consumption-based CO2 emissions by region and by sector toward 2050 under severe reduction scenarios of CO2 using GTAP database in the base year and an energy-economic model with multi-regions and multi-sectors. The introductions of CO2 emission reduction policies aimed at the level of 550ppmv CO2 stabilization target and the target of halving emissions by 2050 lead to the international structures of industry where goods with relatively high CO2 intensity consumed in developed regions are produced in developing regions through international trade. More stringent reduction levels of production-based CO2 emission lead to much higher consumption-based CO2 emissions in the OECD region

Public acceptance and risk-benefit perception of CO 2 geological storage for global warming mitigation in Japan

Carbon dioxide, CCS, Climate change, Geological storage, Global warming mitigation, Public acceptance, Risk-benefit perception, Risk perception,

Electricity Investments and Nuclear Development: Investment Choice Modeling based on Value Creation

International audienc

Analysis of Technological Portfolios for CO2 stabilizations and Effects of Technological Changes

In this study, cost-effective technological options to stabilize CO2 concentrations at 550, 500, and 450 ppmv are evaluated using a world energy systems model of linear programming with a high regional resolution. This model treats technological change endogenously for wind power, photovoltaics, and fuel-cell vehicles, which are technologies of mass production and are considered to follow the 'learning by doing' process. Technological changes induced by climate policies are evaluated by maintaining the technological changes at the levels of the base case wherein there is no climate policy. The results achieved through model analyses include 1) cost-effective technological portfolios, including carbon capture and storage, marginal CO2 reduction costs, and increases in energy system cost for three levels of stabilization and 2) the effect of the induced technological change on the above mentioned factors. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the learning rate