On Reduction in English: What the English Don’t Say

The aim of this article is to examine which sounds are most often omitted in official oral public performances by native speakers of British English. Such terms as reduction, elision (and its types), and connected speech are explained; the literature cited is concerned with elision of vowels (triphthong smoothing being treated separately), of consonants, and of whole syllables. The study presents the results of an analysis conducted on selected material available on the Internet – this comprises three British English oral performances of the total length of approximately 20 minutes. With regard to the nature of the data, they were divided into scripted, semi-scripted, and unscripted samples. The research has shown that earlier preparation significantly lowers the number of phonetic reduction phenomena. Furthermore, if the speech is given in front of an audience rather than being pre-recorded, the number of reduction phenomena is higher. Besides, the analysis has shown a few important tendencies in modern British pronunciation, such as omission of /t/, realisation of final /t/ as [ʔ], omission of final /t/ in contractions, which therefore are realised as [n] instead of [nt].

Torts—Liability of State to Users of Highways

Applebee v. State of New York, 308 N. Y. 502, 127 N. E. 2d 289 (1955)

Torts—Defense to Libel Action

Crane v. Telegram Corp., 308 N. Y. 470, 126 N. E. 2d 753 (1955)

Evidence—Effect of Federal Immunity Statute on State Proceedings

Adams v. Maryland, 347 U. S. 179 (1954)

Procedure—Liability of Independent Contractor to Landlord\u27s Employee

Kelly v. Watson Elevator Co., 309 N. Y. 49, 127 N. E. 2d 802 (1955)

Jurisdiction—Single Transaction Held to Be Doing Business

Howes, S. v. W. P. Milling Co., 218 F. 2d 347 (3d Cir. 1954)

INNOWACYJNOSC PRZEDSIEBIORSTW JAKO KLUCZOWY ELEMENT KONKURENCYJNOSCI POLSKIEJ GOSPODARKI

Celem niniejszego artykulu jest ocena konkurencyjnosci polskiej gospodarki przez pryzmat dwoch elementow: innowacyjnosci przedsiebiorstw oraz polityki innowacyjnej. W skali calej gospodarki innowacyjnosc uwazana jest za jeden z glownych czynnikow konkurencyjnosci oraz warunek do osiagania rozwoju spoleczno-gospodarczego. Niestety, w czasie analizy i oceny stanu innowacyjnosci polskiej gospodarki nasuwa sie pytanie, czy rzeczywiscie polityka innowacyjna w Polsce jest realizowana poprawnie. Waznym elementem opracowania jest proba odpowiedzi na owe pytanie oraz ocena poziomu innowacyjnosci polskich regionow.innowacyjnosc, polityka innowacyjna, innowacyjnosc przedsiebiorstw, innowacyjnosc regionow, badania i rozwoj

Treatment of acute basilar artery occlusion: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) results in strokes characterized by poor outcome. Intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis with rt-PA (IV rt-PA and IA rt-PA, respectively) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) are the most commonly used techniques to treat BAO, but their efficacy remains unclear. Unlike in previous papers, we compared all three methods of the treatment in a single work, including an update of meta-analysis regarding each of the three therapeutic approaches with recent trials. Methods We systematically reviewed all original studies testing the efficacy of any of the three basic methods of BAO treatment dated up to the end of Jan 2017. Results The final analysis included 31 studies that summarized 1358 patients. These subjects were organized into three therapeutic groups: IV rt-PA, IA rt-PA±IV rt-PA, MT±IV rt-PA±IA rt-PA. The weighted pooled estimates of a favorable outcome (mRS 0–2) were 32.57% (95% CI 16.44–51.03%/I2=67.5%, p=0.0795) in the first group, 22.56% (95% CI 16.85–28.79%/I2=52.1%, p=0.027) in the second group, and 37.04% (95% CI 32.27–41.92%/I2=32%, p=0.0895) in the third group. The Q-test subgroup analysis revealed the statistical superiority of MT±IV rt-PA±IA rt-PA over IA rt-PA±IV rt-PA (mRS 0–2: p=0.0003, mRS 6: p=0.0010) and over any rt-PA administration (either IV rt-PA or IA rt-PA±IV rt-PA) (mRS 0–2: p=0.0006, mRS 6: p=0.0056). Conclusions Current data on the effects of the three basic approaches of the treatment of BAO are insufficient to generate high-class EBM guidelines. MT seems to be the most effective method of the treatment of acute BAO. The efficacy of IV or IA thrombolytic therapy in this indication remains unclear

Analyzing the Religious War of Words Over Climate Change

This study examines the websites of two religious organizations representing opposing sides of the religious response toward environmentalism and climate change. This research seeks to understand how each side communicates with followers. Using rhetorical framing analysis, it is shown the religious right advocates a dominion stance and uses a romance genre filled with stories, contrast, spin, appeals to logic, and rhetoric of hope and fear. The religious left advocates a stewardship stance and uses a romance genre filled with stories, appeals to logic, and rhetoric of hope. Cultural cognition theory of risk perception reveals each side subscribes to opposing cultural worldviews of an ideal society. The hermeneutical analysis suggests that the debate is not a conflict over the science of climate change but instead is a conflict over cultural worldviews of an ideal society. This manuscript offers suggestions for macromarketing in confronting the conflicting views exhibited in this study