Sagittal Growth of the Nasomaxillary Complex during the Second Trimester of Human Prenatal Development

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66545/2/10.1177_00220345650440010401.pd

Tooth eruption and browridge formation

One of the most reasonable hypotheses regarding the functional significance of the browridge is that the supraorbital torus forms in response to masticatory stress during development. Oyen, Walker, and Rice (1979) have recently proposed a model that tests this hypothesis: if browridges are functionally related to masticatory stresses on the cranial vault, then changes in the biomechanics of the masticatory system ought to be reflected by changes in the browridge. To test their model they attempted to relate biomechanical discontinuities resulting from tooth eruption to episodes of bone deposition on the supraorbital tori of a developmental series of dry Papio crania. This paper reports on a parallel test of the model on a cross-sectional sample of Australian Aboriginal juvenile crania. This sample showed no relation between tooth eruption and the supraorbital surface morphology thought to be indicative of active bone deposition. It is also demonstrated that no significant relationship between tooth eruption and episodes of bone deposition is shown by the Papio sample. It is concluded that the use of small cross-sectional samples of dry crania does not provide a valid test of the model.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37614/1/1330580107_ftp.pd

Chewing Through the Miocene: An Examination of the Feeding Musculature in the Ground Sloth Hapalops from South America (Mammalia: Pilosa)

Hapalops, a smaller-sized and early sloth of the Megatheroidea, appeared in the middle Miocene Santa Cruz formation of Argentina. This genus is part of the group from which later, larger megatheroids arose, i.e., Nothrotheriops and Megatherium. Many cranial characters support this idea; however Hapalops is not merely a smaller antecedent of the later forms. Specifically, Hapalops retains short anterior caniniform teeth, and a temporomandibular joint elevated above the cheek tooth row; a combination distinct among sloths. An elevated temporomandibular joint occurs in Bradypus, a tree sloth with anterior chisel-shaped teeth instead of caniniforms, and the tree sloth Choloepus, which is aligned with the megalonychids, has anterior caniniforms. Hapalops has an elongated zygomatic ascending process that is reminiscent of that in Bradypus; however, the Bradypus skull is extremely foreshortened while that of Hapalops is elongated, as in nothrotheres, but not deepened as in megatheres. Previous work identified many sloth cranial character complexes, and functional limitations on skull feature combinations. The unique Hapalops character patterns indicate a selective feeder with a mediolaterally oriented grinding stroke during mastication

Fraud by Physicians

Healthcare fraud is an expensive, pervasive problem both domestically and globally. It can exist in many forms and be executed by nearly anybody. This paper will focus on healthcare fraud schemes executed by physicians against payers. These payers include private insurers and government entities, including Medicare and Medicaid. Three specific methods by which physicians execute such fraud will be discussed, which are upcoding, phantom billing, and recommending medically unnecessary procedures. As these methods are discussed, it is important to note how they fit into the category of fraud. Each method involves the payers and patients relying on the physicians, the physicians intentionally misrepresenting material information, and damages being direct results of the physicians\u27 misrepresentations. This paper will also discuss three current strategies for effectively and efficiently combatting healthcare fraud committed by physicians. This will include a strong focus on the strength of data collection and analytics as well as educating patients. A discussion of measures to take going forward will be present with an emphasis on centralizing data, encouraging patients to participate in antifraud activities, and improving peer reviews. Some of my own takeaways from researching this will also be briefly discussed

cber die massgebenden Gesichtspunkte in der Anatomie des Bauchfelles und der Gekr\uf6se. (Mit 2 Tafeln.)

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