Les débats entre État, Église catholique et Églises réformées autour de l’édit de tolérance de 1787

Un siècle après l’édit de Fontainebleau de 1685 qui révoque l’édit de Nantes, et à la suite de nombreux débats, Louis XVI accorde en novembre 1787 aux non-catholiques du royaume, protestants et juifs, un édit que l’on appelle couramment l’édit de tolérance ou l’édit de Breteuil, du nom du secrétaire d’État qui a participé à sa rédaction. Ce texte ne donne en aucune façon une quelconque liberté de culte aux non-catholiques, mais uniquement un état civil. En effet, désormais, ils peuvent faire enregistrer les naissances, mariages et décès de leurs communautés, réhabiliter les unions illégales contractées avant l’édit et faire légitimer les enfants nés de ces unions auprès d’un juge ou d’un curé, ce dernier n’ayant aucun rôle religieux mais devenant seulement un officier d’état civil . Depuis la fin du XVIIe siècle, les protestants français, car ce sont principalement eux qui sont concernés par cette loi, refusent la plupart du temps de faire célébrer leur union par un curé, se contentant de la signature d’un contrat notarié et de la bénédiction éventuelle d’un pasteur du Désert, comme ils renoncent également à faire baptiser les enfants nés de ces unions et à demander une sépulture au curé dans le cimetière catholique ; ces comportements, variables selon les provinces, se trouvent confortées par le synode national du Désert de 1744 qui exhorte les réformés à n’accepter aucune compromission avec la confession adverse . Ainsi, tout au long du siècle des Lumières, une partie de la population française vit sans état civil. Ce ne sont pas les mesures répressives prises contre les réformés, que ce soit les nombreuses lois, les enfermements, les enlèvements d’enfants, les procès contre les cadavres ou les campagnes de rebaptisations des enfants réformés, sur le modèle des dragonnades des années 1680, qui changent la situation . À partir du milieu du XVIIIe siècle un débat tripartite s’instaure entre l’État, les Églises réformées et l’Église catholique, chacun avec ses propositions, avant même l’affaire Calas  qui éclate en 1761, et les négociations aboutissent à un accord en 1787 entre l’État et les Églises réformées, contre l’avis de l’Église catholique. L’objectif de cette communication est d’une part d’essayer de comprendre l’évolution de la position de l’État à l’égard des protestants, alors que les persécutions sont nombreuses jusqu’au début des années 1760, mais aussi d’étudier les arguments des trois partenaires pour obtenir une solution en s’intéressant à des écrits publiés durant cette période , principalement des pamphlets et des mémoires. Je m’appuierai pour comprendre les trois points de vue sur un texte publié anonymement en 1788 et intitulé Conférence entre le frère Pancrace, Capucin, le docteur Hoth-Man, ministre protestant, & M. Robino, avocat au Parlement de Paris

BISMICS consensus statement: implementing a safe minimally invasive mitral programme in the UK healthcare setting

Disseminating the practice of minimally invasive mitral surgery (mini-MVS) can be challenging, despite its original case reports a few decades ago. The penetration of this technology into clinical practice has been limited to centres of excellence and mitral surgery in most general cardiothoracic centres remains to be conducted via sternotomy access as a first line. The process for the uptake of mini-MVS requires clearer guidance and standardisation for the processes involved in its implementation. In this statement, a consensus agreement is outlined that describes the benefits of mini-MVS, including reduced post-operative bleeding, reduced wound infection, enhanced recovery and patient satisfaction. Technical considerations require specific attention and can introduced through simulation and/or use in conventional cases. Either endoballoon or aortic cross clamping are both recommended as well as femoral or central aortic cannulation, with the use of appropriate adjuncts and instruments. A coordinated team-based approach that encourages ownership of the programme by the team members is critical. A designated proctor is also recommended. The organisation of structured training and simulation, as well as planning the initial cases are important steps to consider. The importance of pre-empting complications and dealing with adverse events are described, including re-exploration, conversion to sternotomy, uni-lateral pulmonary oedema and phrenic nerve injury. Accounting for both institutional and team considerations can effectively facilitate the introduction of a mini-MVS service. This involves simulation, team-based training, visits to specialist centres and involvement of a designated proctor to oversee the initial cases

Chemical studies of chromanone-thiadiazole, pyridazine and thiosulfin hybrid

3-Chlorochromanon derivatives 4a,b are reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford 3-hydrazino-2-tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran)chroman-4-ones 5a,b. Then compound 5a,b is reacted with carbon disulfide and acetylacetone to give 5'-thiolo - 2-tetrahydro(pyrane or thiopyran)- spiro[chroman-3,2'- [1,3,4]-thiadiazole]-4-one 6a,b and 3', 5'-dimethyl- 2-tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran) spiro [chroman-3,2'- piprazine]-4-one 7a,b, respectively. α-Chlorosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b are treated with thioacetic acid to form α-chloroalkyl disulfides 8a,b, the latter compounds 8a,b were treated with morpholine to furnish a mixture of 1,3,4-oxadithiins 9a,b, 1,3,4,5,6-oxatetrathiocins 10a,b, 1,2,4-trithiolanes 11a,b (cis- and trans-), 1,2,4,5-tetrathiins (cis- and trans-) 12a,b. The formation of the new compounds are confirmed by spectral (IR, 1H NMR, and MS) analysis

ECCO-ESGAR Topical Review on Optimizing Reporting for Cross-Sectional Imaging in IBD

Background and Aims: Diagnosis and follow up of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] requires cross-sectional imaging modalities, such as intestinal ultrasound [IUS], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and computed tomography [CT]. The quality and homogeneity of medical reporting are crucial to ensure effective communication between specialists and to improve patient care. The current topical review addresses optimized reporting requirements for cross-sectional imaging in IBD. // Methods: An expert consensus panel consisting of gastroenterologists, radiologists, and surgeons convened by the ECCO in collaboration with ESGAR performed a systematic literature review covering the reporting aspects of MRI, CT, IUS, endoanal ultrasonography, and transperineal ultrasonography in IBD. Practice position statements were developed utilizing a Delphi methodology incorporating two consecutive rounds. Current practice positions were set when ≥80% of the participants agreed on a recommendation. // Results: Twenty-five practice positions were developed, establishing standard terminology for optimal reporting in cross-sectional imaging. Assessment of inflammation, complications, and imaging of perianal CD are outlined. The minimum requirements of a standardized report, including a list of essential reporting items, have been defined. // Conclusions: This topical review offers practice recommendations to optimize and homogenize reporting in cross-sectional imaging in IBD

Derivatization and biological activity studies of 3-chloro-3-chlorosulfenyl spiro tetrahydropyran/tetrahydrothiopyran-4,2'-chroman-4'-one

1502-1510The adducts 4a,b-7a,b have been obtained either by reducing α-chloro-β-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b with iodide ion in the presence of dienes namely, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoperene), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,2,3,4- tetrachlorocyclopentadiene, or 1,3-cyclohexadiene, respectively; or by thermolysis of oxadithiin derivatives 3a,b in the presence of the same aforementioned dienes presumably via the formation of the same intermediate A in both cases of compounds 2a,b and 3a,b. It is observed that α-chloro-β-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b undergo straight forward substitution with potassium cyanide to give 8a,b. Direct oxidation of 2a,b with H2O2/AcOH affords 3,3-dichloropyran-4-ones 9a,b, while conversion of 2a,b to the sulfonamides 10a,b followed by oxidation provides 3-chloropyranones 11a,b. Antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of compounds 4a,b-6a,b shows moderate activiy. MIC of the derivative 6b reveals a remarkable inhibition of the pathogenic gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ) as well as gram negative E coli

BICEP2 II: Experiment and Three-Year Data Set

We report on the design and performance of the BICEP2 instrument and on its three-year data set. BICEP2 was designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on angular scales of 1 to 5 degrees ($\ell$=40-200), near the expected peak of the B-mode polarization signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation. Measuring B-modes requires dramatic improvements in sensitivity combined with exquisite control of systematics. The BICEP2 telescope observed from the South Pole with a 26~cm aperture and cold, on-axis, refractive optics. BICEP2 also adopted a new detector design in which beam-defining slot antenna arrays couple to transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers, all fabricated on a common substrate. The antenna-coupled TES detectors supported scalable fabrication and multiplexed readout that allowed BICEP2 to achieve a high detector count of 500 bolometers at 150 GHz, giving unprecedented sensitivity to B-modes at degree angular scales. After optimization of detector and readout parameters, BICEP2 achieved an instrument noise-equivalent temperature of 15.8 $\mu$K sqrt(s). The full data set reached Stokes Q and U map depths of 87.2 nK in square-degree pixels (5.2 $\mu$K arcmin) over an effective area of 384 square degrees within a 1000 square degree field. These are the deepest CMB polarization maps at degree angular scales to date. The power spectrum analysis presented in a companion paper has resulted in a significant detection of B-mode polarization at degree scales.Comment: 30 pages, 24 figure

BICEP2 / Keck Array V: Measurements of B-mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales and 150 GHz by the Keck Array

The Keck Array is a system of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeters, each similar to the BICEP2 experiment. In this paper we report results from the 2012 and 2013 observing seasons, during which the Keck Array consisted of five receivers all operating in the same (150 GHz) frequency band and observing field as BICEP2. We again find an excess of B-mode power over the lensed-$\Lambda$CDM expectation of $> 5 \sigma$ in the range $30 < \ell < 150$ and confirm that this is not due to systematics using jackknife tests and simulations based on detailed calibration measurements. In map difference and spectral difference tests these new data are shown to be consistent with BICEP2. Finally, we combine the maps from the two experiments to produce final Q and U maps which have a depth of 57 nK deg (3.4 $\mu$K arcmin) over an effective area of 400 deg$^2$ for an equivalent survey weight of 250,000 $\mu$K$^{-2}$. The final BB band powers have noise uncertainty a factor of 2.3 times better than the previous results, and a significance of detection of excess power of $> 6\sigma$.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure

BICEP2 / Keck Array VIII: Measurement of gravitational lensing from large-scale B-mode polarization

We present measurements of polarization lensing using the 150 GHz maps which include all data taken by the BICEP2 & Keck Array CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2014 observing season (BK14). Despite their modest angular resolution ($\sim 0.5^\circ$), the excellent sensitivity ($\sim 3\mu$K-arcmin) of these maps makes it possible to directly reconstruct the lensing potential using only information at larger angular scales ($\ell\leq 700$). From the auto-spectrum of the reconstructed potential we measure an amplitude of the spectrum to be $A^{\phi\phi}_{\rm L}=1.15\pm 0.36$ (Planck $\Lambda$CDM prediction corresponds to $A^{\phi\phi}_{\rm L}=1$), and reject the no-lensing hypothesis at 5.8$\sigma$, which is the highest significance achieved to date using an EB lensing estimator. Taking the cross-spectrum of the reconstructed potential with the Planck 2015 lensing map yields $A^{\phi\phi}_{\rm L}=1.13\pm 0.20$. These direct measurements of $A^{\phi\phi}_{\rm L}$ are consistent with the $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, and with that derived from the previously reported BK14 B-mode auto-spectrum ($A^{\rm BB}_{\rm L}=1.20\pm 0.17$). We perform a series of null tests and consistency checks to show that these results are robust against systematics and are insensitive to analysis choices. These results unambiguously demonstrate that the B-modes previously reported by BICEP / Keck at intermediate angular scales ($150\lesssim\ell\lesssim 350$) are dominated by gravitational lensing. The good agreement between the lensing amplitudes obtained from the lensing reconstruction and B-mode spectrum starts to place constraints on any alternative cosmological sources of B-modes at these angular scales.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure