328 research outputs found
Les dĂ©bats entre Ătat, Ăglise catholique et Ăglises rĂ©formĂ©es autour de lâĂ©dit de tolĂ©rance de 1787
Un siĂšcle aprĂšs lâĂ©dit de Fontainebleau de 1685 qui rĂ©voque lâĂ©dit de Nantes, et Ă la suite de nombreux dĂ©bats, Louis XVI accorde en novembre 1787 aux non-catholiques du royaume, protestants et juifs, un Ă©dit que lâon appelle couramment lâĂ©dit de tolĂ©rance ou lâĂ©dit de Breteuil, du nom du secrĂ©taire dâĂtat qui a participĂ© Ă sa rĂ©daction. Ce texte ne donne en aucune façon une quelconque libertĂ© de culte aux non-catholiques, mais uniquement un Ă©tat civil. En effet, dĂ©sormais, ils peuvent faire enregistrer les naissances, mariages et dĂ©cĂšs de leurs communautĂ©s, rĂ©habiliter les unions illĂ©gales contractĂ©es avant lâĂ©dit et faire lĂ©gitimer les enfants nĂ©s de ces unions auprĂšs dâun juge ou dâun curĂ©, ce dernier nâayant aucun rĂŽle religieux mais devenant seulement un officier dâĂ©tat civil .
Depuis la fin du XVIIe siĂšcle, les protestants français, car ce sont principalement eux qui sont concernĂ©s par cette loi, refusent la plupart du temps de faire cĂ©lĂ©brer leur union par un curĂ©, se contentant de la signature dâun contrat notariĂ© et de la bĂ©nĂ©diction Ă©ventuelle dâun pasteur du DĂ©sert, comme ils renoncent Ă©galement Ă faire baptiser les enfants nĂ©s de ces unions et Ă demander une sĂ©pulture au curĂ© dans le cimetiĂšre catholique ; ces comportements, variables selon les provinces, se trouvent confortĂ©es par le synode national du DĂ©sert de 1744 qui exhorte les rĂ©formĂ©s Ă nâaccepter aucune compromission avec la confession adverse . Ainsi, tout au long du siĂšcle des LumiĂšres, une partie de la population française vit sans Ă©tat civil. Ce ne sont pas les mesures rĂ©pressives prises contre les rĂ©formĂ©s, que ce soit les nombreuses lois, les enfermements, les enlĂšvements dâenfants, les procĂšs contre les cadavres ou les campagnes de rebaptisations des enfants rĂ©formĂ©s, sur le modĂšle des dragonnades des annĂ©es 1680, qui changent la situation .
Ă partir du milieu du XVIIIe siĂšcle un dĂ©bat tripartite sâinstaure entre lâĂtat, les Ăglises rĂ©formĂ©es et lâĂglise catholique, chacun avec ses propositions, avant mĂȘme lâaffaire Calas qui Ă©clate en 1761, et les nĂ©gociations aboutissent Ă un accord en 1787 entre lâĂtat et les Ăglises rĂ©formĂ©es, contre lâavis de lâĂglise catholique. Lâobjectif de cette communication est dâune part dâessayer de comprendre lâĂ©volution de la position de lâĂtat Ă lâĂ©gard des protestants, alors que les persĂ©cutions sont nombreuses jusquâau dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1760, mais aussi dâĂ©tudier les arguments des trois partenaires pour obtenir une solution en sâintĂ©ressant Ă des Ă©crits publiĂ©s durant cette pĂ©riode , principalement des pamphlets et des mĂ©moires. Je mâappuierai pour comprendre les trois points de vue sur un texte publiĂ© anonymement en 1788 et intitulĂ© ConfĂ©rence entre le frĂšre Pancrace, Capucin, le docteur Hoth-Man, ministre protestant, & M. Robino, avocat au Parlement de Paris
BISMICS consensus statement: implementing a safe minimally invasive mitral programme in the UK healthcare setting
Disseminating the practice of minimally invasive mitral surgery (mini-MVS) can be challenging, despite its original case reports a few decades ago. The penetration of this technology into clinical practice has been limited to centres of excellence and mitral surgery in most general cardiothoracic centres remains to be conducted via sternotomy access as a first line. The process for the uptake of mini-MVS requires clearer guidance and standardisation for the processes involved in its implementation. In this statement, a consensus agreement is outlined that describes the benefits of mini-MVS, including reduced post-operative bleeding, reduced wound infection, enhanced recovery and patient satisfaction. Technical considerations require specific attention and can introduced through simulation and/or use in conventional cases. Either endoballoon or aortic cross clamping are both recommended as well as femoral or central aortic cannulation, with the use of appropriate adjuncts and instruments. A coordinated team-based approach that encourages ownership of the programme by the team members is critical. A designated proctor is also recommended. The organisation of structured training and simulation, as well as planning the initial cases are important steps to consider. The importance of pre-empting complications and dealing with adverse events are described, including re-exploration, conversion to sternotomy, uni-lateral pulmonary oedema and phrenic nerve injury. Accounting for both institutional and team considerations can effectively facilitate the introduction of a mini-MVS service. This involves simulation, team-based training, visits to specialist centres and involvement of a designated proctor to oversee the initial cases
Chemical studies of chromanone-thiadiazole, pyridazine and thiosulfin hybrid
3-Chlorochromanon derivatives 4a,b are reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford 3-hydrazino-2-tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran)chroman-4-ones 5a,b. Then compound 5a,b is reacted with carbon disulfide and acetylacetone to give 5'-thiolo - 2-tetrahydro(pyrane or thiopyran)- spiro[chroman-3,2'- [1,3,4]-thiadiazole]-4-one 6a,b and 3', 5'-dimethyl- 2-tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran) spiro [chroman-3,2'- piprazine]-4-one 7a,b, respectively. α-Chlorosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b are treated with thioacetic acid to form α-chloroalkyl disulfides 8a,b, the latter compounds 8a,b were treated with morpholine to furnish a mixture of 1,3,4-oxadithiins 9a,b, 1,3,4,5,6-oxatetrathiocins 10a,b, 1,2,4-trithiolanes 11a,b (cis- and trans-), 1,2,4,5-tetrathiins (cis- and trans-) 12a,b. The formation of the new compounds are confirmed by spectral (IR, 1H NMR, and MS) analysis
ECCO-ESGAR Topical Review on Optimizing Reporting for Cross-Sectional Imaging in IBD
Background and Aims: Diagnosis and follow up of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] requires cross-sectional imaging modalities, such as intestinal ultrasound [IUS], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and computed tomography [CT]. The quality and homogeneity of medical reporting are crucial to ensure effective communication between specialists and to improve patient care. The current topical review addresses optimized reporting requirements for cross-sectional imaging in IBD. //
Methods: An expert consensus panel consisting of gastroenterologists, radiologists, and surgeons convened by the ECCO in collaboration with ESGAR performed a systematic literature review covering the reporting aspects of MRI, CT, IUS, endoanal ultrasonography, and transperineal ultrasonography in IBD. Practice position statements were developed utilizing a Delphi methodology incorporating two consecutive rounds. Current practice positions were set when â„80% of the participants agreed on a recommendation. //
Results: Twenty-five practice positions were developed, establishing standard terminology for optimal reporting in cross-sectional imaging. Assessment of inflammation, complications, and imaging of perianal CD are outlined. The minimum requirements of a standardized report, including a list of essential reporting items, have been defined. //
Conclusions: This topical review offers practice recommendations to optimize and homogenize reporting in cross-sectional imaging in IBD
Derivatization and biological activity studies of 3-chloro-3-chlorosulfenyl spiro tetrahydropyran/tetrahydrothiopyran-4,2'-chroman-4'-one
1502-1510The adducts 4a,b-7a,b have been obtained either by reducing α-chloro-ÎČ-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b with iodide
ion in the presence of dienes namely, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoperene), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,2,3,4-
tetrachlorocyclopentadiene, or 1,3-cyclohexadiene, respectively; or by thermolysis of oxadithiin derivatives 3a,b in the
presence of the same aforementioned dienes presumably via the formation of the same intermediate A in both cases of
compounds 2a,b and 3a,b. It is observed that α-chloro-ÎČ-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b undergo straight forward substitution
with potassium cyanide to give 8a,b. Direct oxidation of 2a,b with H2O2/AcOH affords 3,3-dichloropyran-4-ones 9a,b,
while conversion of 2a,b to the sulfonamides 10a,b followed by oxidation provides 3-chloropyranones 11a,b. Antioxidant
and antimicrobial evaluation of compounds 4a,b-6a,b shows moderate activiy. MIC of the derivative 6b reveals a
remarkable inhibition of the pathogenic gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ) as well as gram negative E coli
BICEP2 II: Experiment and Three-Year Data Set
We report on the design and performance of the BICEP2 instrument and on its
three-year data set. BICEP2 was designed to measure the polarization of the
cosmic microwave background (CMB) on angular scales of 1 to 5 degrees
(=40-200), near the expected peak of the B-mode polarization signature of
primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation. Measuring B-modes
requires dramatic improvements in sensitivity combined with exquisite control
of systematics. The BICEP2 telescope observed from the South Pole with a 26~cm
aperture and cold, on-axis, refractive optics. BICEP2 also adopted a new
detector design in which beam-defining slot antenna arrays couple to
transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers, all fabricated on a common substrate.
The antenna-coupled TES detectors supported scalable fabrication and
multiplexed readout that allowed BICEP2 to achieve a high detector count of 500
bolometers at 150 GHz, giving unprecedented sensitivity to B-modes at degree
angular scales. After optimization of detector and readout parameters, BICEP2
achieved an instrument noise-equivalent temperature of 15.8 K sqrt(s). The
full data set reached Stokes Q and U map depths of 87.2 nK in square-degree
pixels (5.2 K arcmin) over an effective area of 384 square degrees within
a 1000 square degree field. These are the deepest CMB polarization maps at
degree angular scales to date. The power spectrum analysis presented in a
companion paper has resulted in a significant detection of B-mode polarization
at degree scales.Comment: 30 pages, 24 figure
BICEP2 / Keck Array V: Measurements of B-mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales and 150 GHz by the Keck Array
The Keck Array is a system of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeters,
each similar to the BICEP2 experiment. In this paper we report results from the
2012 and 2013 observing seasons, during which the Keck Array consisted of five
receivers all operating in the same (150 GHz) frequency band and observing
field as BICEP2. We again find an excess of B-mode power over the
lensed-CDM expectation of in the range
and confirm that this is not due to systematics using jackknife tests and
simulations based on detailed calibration measurements. In map difference and
spectral difference tests these new data are shown to be consistent with
BICEP2. Finally, we combine the maps from the two experiments to produce final
Q and U maps which have a depth of 57 nK deg (3.4 K arcmin) over an
effective area of 400 deg for an equivalent survey weight of 250,000
K. The final BB band powers have noise uncertainty a factor of 2.3
times better than the previous results, and a significance of detection of
excess power of .Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure
BICEP2 / Keck Array VIII: Measurement of gravitational lensing from large-scale B-mode polarization
We present measurements of polarization lensing using the 150 GHz maps which
include all data taken by the BICEP2 & Keck Array CMB polarization experiments
up to and including the 2014 observing season (BK14). Despite their modest
angular resolution (), the excellent sensitivity (K-arcmin) of these maps makes it possible to directly reconstruct the
lensing potential using only information at larger angular scales (). From the auto-spectrum of the reconstructed potential we measure an
amplitude of the spectrum to be (Planck
CDM prediction corresponds to ), and reject
the no-lensing hypothesis at 5.8, which is the highest significance
achieved to date using an EB lensing estimator. Taking the cross-spectrum of
the reconstructed potential with the Planck 2015 lensing map yields
. These direct measurements of
are consistent with the CDM cosmology, and with
that derived from the previously reported BK14 B-mode auto-spectrum (). We perform a series of null tests and consistency
checks to show that these results are robust against systematics and are
insensitive to analysis choices. These results unambiguously demonstrate that
the B-modes previously reported by BICEP / Keck at intermediate angular scales
() are dominated by gravitational lensing. The
good agreement between the lensing amplitudes obtained from the lensing
reconstruction and B-mode spectrum starts to place constraints on any
alternative cosmological sources of B-modes at these angular scales.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
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