Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe and Zn in algae and vegetable samples using wet and dry ashing procedures

In this study, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, and Zn metal levels of 9 vegetables (garlic, onion, radish, parsley, potato pod, cucumber, tomato, carrot, and pepper) from a local market in Kayseri, Turkey, and algae samples from the Aegean Sea, were determined by using FAAS. In the sample analyses, both wet and dry ashing methods were used. Dry ashing procedures employed involved combinations such as ashing time and being covered or uncovered of crucible. The results of seven dry and one wet ashing procedures used for the determination of elements in the samples were compared with each other. The comparison procedures were performed for cucumber, tomato, carrot and pepper samples. The correlations were satisfactory, except for Cu. and Mn. The heavy metal pollution for vegetable samples were also investigated. The elemental concentration ranges obtained with wet and dry ashing procedures for vegetable samples were as follows (mu g/g): 5.00 - 16.4, 6.18 - 14.0 or Cu., 2.82 - 6.49, 1.77 - 6.49 for Pb, 2.71 - 8.1, 1.50 - 7.98 forNi, 0.16 - 0.99,0.70 - 2.75 for Cr, 1.64 - 4.34, 0.80 - 4.48 for Co, 6.10 - 61.9, 6.22 - 67.8 for Mn, 16.2 - 199, 13.1 - 450 for Fe, 9.26 - 40.7, 14.7 - 45.8 for Zn, and 0.88 - 2.99, 0.20 - 2.50 for Cd, respectively

Relationship between vegetable metal and soil-extractable metal contents by the BCR sequential extraction procedure: Chemometrical interpretation of the data

The contents of heavy metals in soil and vegetable samples collected from an urban garden in Kayseri, Turkey, were investigated. Both wet- and dry-ashing methods were used for dissolving vegetable samples. A sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Commission of the European Communities, Community Bureau of Reference (now superseded by the Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme, SM&T) was applied to the soil samples to extract the metals which are present in exchangeable and acid soluble (i.e. bound to carbonates), reducible (bound to Fe/Mn oxides), and oxidisable forms (bound to organic matter and sulphides) in the soil samples. Trace metals in the soil and vegetable samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The total metal contents acquired by summing of metal levels in all the sequential extraction steps were compared with pseudo-total metal levels obtained with aqua regia for all the soil samples. The recovery values obtained by proportioning the results obtained by the BCR procedure to those of the pseudo-total digestion were found to be satisfactory. The limits of detection for the elements investigated were in the range of 0.04 to 0.59 mug mL(-1) for all the extraction stages of the BCR procedure. Similarities among the variables were identified by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The relationship between the vegetable metal and soil-extractable metal concentrations was examined in order to evaluate the bioavailability of metals

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of heavy metal contents of soils around different highways in Turkey and statistical interpretation of the data

A totally 33 soil samples influenced mainly by traffic density collected from around of highways in various locations of Turkey were analyzed by FAAS using three different extractant solutions, namely; 0.1 M HCl 1 M CH3COONH4, and aqua regia solutions for determining the concentrations of various physicochemical forms of metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, Bi and Zn) which are acid-soluble, exchangeable, and total, respectively. Accuracy of the method was tested by spiking the known amount of the elements interested to soil extracts for each extraction procedure. The accuracy of results for each extraction procedure was found to be satisfactory. Also, the standard addition method was applied for the soil leachings obtained by using each extractant. The detection limits of metals for different extraction procedures were between 0.02 and 1.08 mug ml(-1). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals.A totally 33 soil samples influenced mainly by traffic density collected&nbsp;from around of highways in various locations of Turkey were analyzed&nbsp;by FAAS using three different extractant solutions, namely; 0.1M HCl,&nbsp;1M CH3COONH4, andaqua regia solutions for determining the con-centrations of various physicochemical forms of metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe,&nbsp;Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, Bi andZn) which are acid-soluble, exchangeable, and&nbsp;total, respectively. Accuracy of the methodwas testedby spiking the&nbsp;known amount of the elements interested to soil extracts for each extraction procedure. The accuracy of results for each extraction procedure was&nbsp;found to be satisfactory. Also, the standard addition method was applied&nbsp;for the soil leachings obtainedby using each extractant. The detection&nbsp;limits of metals for different extraction procedures were between 0.02 and1.08 &micro;g ml-1. Correlation analysis andprincipal component analysis were&nbsp;applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to iden-tify the possible pollution sources of metals.</p

Chemometrical interpretation of lake waters after their chemical analysis by using aas, flame photometry and titrimetric techniques

This article reports the distribution of trace metals and major ions in lake waters of Sultansazligi, a reedfield near Kayseri, Turkey. The determination of elements such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb in lake water samples was performed by AAS after a preconcentration step using a column packed with Amberlite XAD-16 resin. Both flame- and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine these metals in lake water samples. The concentrations of the metals bound to humic substances, and free metal ions were determined after their sorption-elution on the resin, separately. The column method optimized with sodium tetraborate reagent was used in determining the free metal ions. In the determinations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, K+, and SO42-, Cl- and total hardness, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, flame photometry, and titrimetry were used, respectively. In order to evaluate the analytical data by multivariate statistical techniques which enable feature reduction and grouping of the pollutant sources in lake waters from their chemical composition, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and correlation analysis were used. As a consequence of multivariate statistical evaluation, main anthropogenic sources like traffic, industry and agricultural processes were drawn to be responsible from the pollution in the environment investigated