DETERMINATION OF CD, PB, AS, ZN, CU IN VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND HERBS

In order to control the hygienic and health conformity of vegetable food products from the consumer basket for the preparation of a full-day military meal, among other analyses, the maximum allowable quantities of the elements Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu are monitored. With the AAS technique, three samples each of twenty fresh vegetables, vegetable products and herbs were analyzed and the quantity of the elements of interest was examined. The results of the examination of three samples of: fresh beans, carrots, potatoes, onions, cabbage, spinach; canned vegetables: peas, green beans, peppers (glass and tin packaging), beets (glass and tin packaging), cucumbers (glass and tin packaging), tomato paste, mushrooms; herbs: ground paprika, black pepper, parsley and mixed seasoning are presented. The samples are from different producers from the Macedonian area. Using the method of comparative analysis, it was concluded that the obtained results are in accordance with the norms of the rulebook and those of the literature

Токсични елементи во ориз, пченично брашно и производи од брашно од македонскиот пазар

The safety of the cereal products is of high nutritional and toxicological interest, since the cereal industry and its products have a big economic and social importance worldwide. In this pilot research the presence and the content of toxic trace elements arsenic, cadmium and lead in three samples of rice: 11,67+5,69mg/kg, 25,67+6,43mg/kg, 47,67+18,01mg/kg for As, Cd and Pb respectively, wheat flour: 7+5mg/kg, 9+1,73mg/kg, 69,92+16,92mg/kg and flour products (bread: 9,33+2,08mg/kg, 6,67+0,58mg/kg, 36+3,6mg/kg, pasta: 1,61+1,15mg/kg, 2,67+2,08mg/kg, 30+7mg/kg and tea biscuits: 4,67+4,04mg/kg, 1,33+0,58mg/kg, 53+9,64mg/kg for As, Cd and Pb respectively) produced by three different manufacturers from Macedonia was determined by applying the hydride generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with wet digestion. In this research the contribution to the average daily intake for toxic elements through daily intake of cereal and cereal products (20% of the all-day meal) has been determined. The contribution of As (9,86%), Cd (10,02%) and Pb (11,39%) compared to the average daily intake and the PTDI was low, which indicates that these products are safe for consumption concerning the examined toxic elements. The levels of the toxic elements in the samples of Macedonian rice, wheat flour, bread, pasta and tea biscuits are comparable to those obtained from various parts of the world and their consumption does not pose any health risks.Безбедноста на житата и житните производи е од големо нутритивно и токсиколошко значење, бидејќи житната индустрија и нејзините производи имаат голема економска и социјална важност на светско ниво. Во ова пилот истражување е испитана концентрацијата на токсичните елементи во траги арсен, кадмиум и олово, во три мостри од различни производители на ориз: 11,67+5,69mg/kg, 25,67+6,43mg/kg, 47,67+18,01mg/kg, пченично брашно: 7+5mg/kg, 9+1,73mg/kg, 69,92+16,92mg/kg за As, Cd и Pb, соодветно, и производи од брашно (леб: 9,33+2,08mg/kg, 6,67+0,58mg/kg, 36+3,6mg/kg, тестенини: 1,61+1,15mg/kg, 2,67+2,08mg/kg, 30+7mg/kg и чајни колачи: 4,67+4,04mg/kg, 1,33+0,58mg/kg, 53+9,64mg/kg за As, Cd и Pb, соодветно) од македонскиот пазар, со употреба на хидридно генерирачка и електротермичка атомска апсорпциона спектрометрија со мокра дигестија. Извршена е пресметка на учеството во просечниот дневен внес за токсични елементи внесени преку дневна консумација на жито и производи од жито (20% од целодневниот оброк). Придонесот на As (9,86%), Cd (10,02%) и Pb (11,39 %) спореден со просечниот дневен внес и прифатливиот толериран дневен внес, PTDI, беше низок, што покажува дека овие производи се безбедни за употреба во однос на испитаните токсични елементи. Нивоата на токсичните елементи во мострите на македонскиот ориз, пченично брашно и производи од брашно се споредливи со резултатите добиени од различни делови од светот и нивниот внес не претставува здравствен ризик за потрошувачите

THE EFFECT OF STARTER CULTURES ON WEIGHT LOSS IN DRY-CURED PORK LOIN PRODUCED WITH AND WITHOUT NITRITES

Since ancient times, man has used caves and natural shelters as an ideal places for drying meat. Dry cured meat products are products of high nutritional value and a long shelf life. Therefore, they occupy a special place on the consumers' tables. This research aims to determine how added starter cultures affect on weight loss during the production process in dry-cured pork loin produced with and without nitrites. Five groups of dry-cured pork loin were produced in three iterations. I (the first) negative control group (table salt, dextrose), II positive control group (nitrite salt, dextrose); Group III (nitrite salt, dextrose and starter culture), group IV (table salt, Swiss chard powder from the first manufacturer, dextrose and starter cultures) and group V (table salt, Swiss chard powder from the second manufacturer, dextrose and starter cultures). The weight loss during salting ranged from 2.37 (II group) to 2.50 (III group). After smoking, the weight loss ranged from 10.84% (II group) to 11.27% (V group). During ripening, the weight loss ranged from 30.99 (I group) to 31.61 % (III group). The weight loss during the entire production process was the highest in group III (40.83%), while it was the lowest in group I (40.10%). The difference in weight loss observed between groups was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Added starter culture in dry-cured pork loin contributes to a higher weight loss during the production process, which contributes to shortening the production process and more profitable production

Eмпириско истражување на кибер безбедносната готовност на електронските и информациските системи

Оваа истражување ги презентира резултатите од емпириското истражување на сајбер безбедносната положба на малите организации во Северна Македонија. Резултатите се дадени како квантитативно одредена вредност во рамките на дефинирана таксономија заснована на теоријата на перспектива и сатус кво теоријата. Анализираната големина е однос помеѓу два клучни параметри на сајбер-безбедноста на една организација, сајбер-безбедносната подготвеност и перципираниот ризик за сајбер-напад од страна на носителите на одлуки. Истражувањето исто така содржи компаративна анализа помеѓу овие резултати и добиените резултати за време на други истражувања во ЕУ и САД

ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL TOXIC AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FRUIT JUICES

Abstract Due to the complexity of the issues are taken more extensive research to determine the quality of food, especially in terms of their contamination with diff erent pollutants. By applying the fl ame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, in this work is done determining the presence and content of toxic elements and essential elements in seven types of fruit juices produced by fi ve diff erent manufacturers in Macedonia. Examination of the contents of lead and cadmium in fruit juices was performed by electrothermal AAS, of copper, iron and zinc by fl ame AAS, and of arsenic with system VGA77. Preparation of samples of fruit juices for analysis by AAS is thermal decomposition of the organic matrix by oxidation. Results show that only in two cases the presence of lead (in two the juices of apricot and pear) is above the maximum allowable concentration, but the presence of elements in juices ranges under the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), and therefore the juices are safe for consumption

Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Drinking Water from R. Macedonia

The presence of some chemical compounds at higher levels than maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the drinking water, suggests of water resources pollution. In this paper the following elements were analyzed: total arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. Twelve samples of water from the water supply system from the city of Skopje were examined during one year from three different springs. Also, ten samples of bottled water from three producers from the Macedonian market were tested. The determined average mass concentrations of total As, Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) in the analyzed water samples from the water supply system are 1.35 μg/l, 0.06 μg/l, 0.6 μg/l, 0.9 μg/l and 1,12 μg/l, respectively, and for the tested bottled water, the mean values ranges from 0.56 - 0.83 μg total As / l, 0.053 - 0.056 μg Cd(II)/l, 0.51 - 0.54 μg Pb(II)/l , 0.6 - 0.87 μg Cu(II)/l and 0.68 - 0.8 μg Zn(II)/l water. The following instrumental analytical methods and techniques were used for the analysis of the tested samples of drinking water: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride cеll, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The obtained results are shown in tables and graphic form. According to the obtained results a comparative analysis was carried out indicate that it is a water of good quality that can be used in different branches of the process industry. The obtained results in this paper do not exceed the values of the MPC of the Republic of Macedonia prescribed by the legal regulations for the drinking water, which confirm the health safety of the drinking water from the water supply system in the city of Skopje and the packed waters from the Macedonian market in relation to the tested elements