Evaluation of exhaust flowrate measurement techniques for a mobile emissions monitoring system

West Virginia University designed and developed Mobile Emissions Monitoring System (MEMS) for the six settling Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine (S-HDDE) manufacturers. The MEMS measures emissions concentrations while operating in a real world environment. The best method for measuring the emissions concentrations was found to be through raw exhaust sampling. In order to properly calculate the emissions concentrations the total exhaust flowrate through the engine must be determined. The devices evaluated were an Annubar, an Accutube, a hot film anemometer, a Pitot static tube, a venturi, and a vortex shedder.;The evaluation of the devices was broken down into two parts, the first part included cold bench testing and the second engine testing. The venturi was found to be the best flow device for a MEMS because of the increased flow range over the vortex shedder and was well suited for the environment of compression ignition exhaust streams

Separation of Nutrient Solids and Liquids in Swine Manure

• Producers want to provide transportation of solids and increase the available storage capacity of a storage system by separating nutrients produced in a shallow pit, external storage swine facility. • Producers transporting manure to fields don’t want to pay to transport slurry that is 95% water

The quantum to classical transition for random walks

We look at two possible routes to classical behavior for the discrete quantum random walk on the line: decoherence in the quantum ``coin'' which drives the walk, or the use of higher-dimensional coins to dilute the effects of interference. We use the position variance as an indicator of classical behavior, and find analytical expressions for this in the long-time limit; we see that the multicoin walk retains the ``quantum'' quadratic growth of the variance except in the limit of a new coin for every step, while the walk with decoherence exhibits ``classical'' linear growth of the variance even for weak decoherence.Comment: 4 pages RevTeX 4.0 + 2 figures (encapsulated Postscript). Trimmed for length. Minor corrections + one new referenc

Quantum random walks with decoherent coins

The quantum random walk has been much studied recently, largely due to its highly nonclassical behavior. In this paper, we study one possible route to classical behavior for the discrete quantum walk on the line: the presence of decoherence in the quantum ``coin'' which drives the walk. We find exact analytical expressions for the time dependence of the first two moments of position, and show that in the long-time limit the variance grows linearly with time, unlike the unitary walk. We compare this to the results of direct numerical simulation, and see how the form of the position distribution changes from the unitary to the usual classical result as we increase the strength of the decoherence.Comment: Minor revisions, especially in introduction. Published versio

Retirement And Estate Planning With An Emphasis On Individual Retirement Accounts

Tax sheltering earned income for use in later years has become the cornerstone of many taxpayers’ retirement plans since so many companies have dropped their defined benefit pension plans in order to remain competitive in today’s international market place. Many taxpayers are utilizing Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts as important financial planning tools when the other plans are not readily available or no longer useful for their situations

Cost Analysis of Swine Manure Separation

Smithfield Foods Inc. was founded in 1936 by Joseph W. Luter and his son Joseph W. Luter, Jr., with the name Smithfield Packing Company. The company name was later changed to Smithfield Foods in 1974. Smithfield Foods Inc. is quite proud of their guiding principles (Responsibility, Operational Excellence & Innovation) and this small excerpt defines their company as a whole, “We will seek fresh ideas in all aspects of business, including ways to work smarter, serve customers better, and make Smithfield a better company.” (Smithfield Foods, 2019). The issue that we worked on was how swine producers want to decrease the inefficiency of hauling raw manure slurry and increase manure application systems by separating solids and liquids produced in a typical shallow pit barn with an external manure storage system. There is a moderate amount of research that has been done on swine manure separation, but quite a bit of it is outdated. The current application of raw manure slurry is altogether expensive and inefficient by the traditional method of transporting the manure by large tanks, while post-separated manure could be transported further distances more efficiently. The increasing manure application possibilities and transporting regulations have been a large part of the project in the context of the future of swine production. Given the elements of the project: Minimal research has been completed on current swine manure separation methods Manure separation is expensive, and its feasibility is all dependent on a producer\u27s budget and the overall size of their operation Multiple costs associated with implementing a separation method (Solid & liquid storage, separation equipment, additional labor, etc.) It is critical for producers/growers to comprehend the true benefits of implementing a separation method at this time before future regulations become required. The cost analysis tool will give producers the capability to view several costs associated with a particular separation method. When adopting a separation method, there two important benefits; higher efficiency of transporting manure farther distance and the cost-effectiveness increase tremendously

Correlation between muonic levels and nuclear structure in muonic atoms

A method that deals with the nucleons and the muon unitedly is employed to investigate the muonic lead, with which the correlation between the muon and nucleus can be studied distinctly. A "kink" appears in the muonic isotope shift at a neutron magic number where the nuclear shell structure plays a key role. This behavior may have very important implications for the experimentally probing the shell structure of the nuclei far away from the $\beta$-stable line. We investigate the variations of the nuclear structure due to the interaction with the muon in the muonic atom and find that the nuclear structure remains basically unaltered. Therefore, the muon is a clean and reliable probe for studying the nuclear structure. In addition, a correction that the muon-induced slight change in the proton density distribution in turn shifts the muonic levels is investigated. This correction to muonic level is as important as the Lamb shift and high order vacuum polarization correction, but is larger than anomalous magnetic moment and electron shielding correction.Comment: 2 figure

Quantum Walks driven by many coins

Quantum random walks have been much studied recently, largely due to their highly nonclassical behavior. In this paper, we study one possible route to classical behavior for the discrete quantum random walk on the line: the use of multiple quantum ``coins'' in order to diminish the effects of interference between paths. We find solutions to this system in terms of the single coin random walk, and compare the asymptotic limit of these solutions to numerical simulations. We find exact analytical expressions for the time-dependence of the first two moments, and show that in the long time limit the ``quantum mechanical'' behavior of the one-coin walk persists. We further show that this is generic for a very broad class of possible walks, and that this behavior disappears only in the limit of a new coin for every step of the walk.Comment: 36 pages RevTeX 4.0 + 5 figures (encapsulated Postscript). Submitted to Physical Review

Safety and Efficacy of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in Weight Loss

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) has recently experienced a resurgence in popular media. Late night television commercials and Internet advertisements have suggested that it is an essential, unequivocal means to losing weight fast. ls hCG really a miracle cure to help patients shed unwanted pounds? In 1954, A.T.W. Simeons claimed that hCG impacts weight loss by decreasing hunger, increasing fat redistribution, and increasing overall mood. Knowing that weight loss cannot be directly attributed to hCG use, Simeons developed a very low calorie diet (VLCD) to which the success of the therapy can be attributed. He saw hCG as a means to an end. Following a VLCD is nearly impossible without a little push, and according to Simeons, this push could be hCG. This increase in mood is an essential reagent to following a low calorie, thus low-energy diet, and therefore is necessary for the product of weight loss. Combination therapy of hCG and diet has been studied using multiple dosage forms, but no definitive answer has been found

Alteration in corticospinal excitability, talocrural joint range of motion, and lower extremity function following manipulation in non-disabled individuals

Background: Clinical outcomes of manual therapy procedures, including manipulation, have been studied. However, mechanisms underlying observed improvements remain unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of ankle joint manipulation on corticospinal excitability, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM), and lower extremity functional behavior in nondisabled individuals. Method: Six nondisabled individuals (age range: 31-50 years) received the main outcomes measurements of this study, before and after long axis distraction manipulation of the talocrural joint. Main outcomes measures were motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude of gastrocnemius (GN) and tibialis anterior (TA) using transcranial magnetic stimulation, ankle DF ROM with the knee flexed and extended using standard goniometric techniques, and unilateral anterior squat reach (ASR) distance. All subjects received the main outcomes measures. Results: Significant increase in GN MEP amplitude (P \u3c .05), but not TA MEP amplitude, were documented following intervention. Significant improvements also were noted in ankle DF ROM with knee extended and flexed (P \u3c .001) and ASR distance (P \u3c .05) Significant correlations were found between standardized change in GN MEP amplitude and ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ρ = .582, ρ 2 = .339, P \u3c .01), and standardized changes in GN MEP amplitude and ASR distance (ρ = .601, ρ 2 = .361, P \u3c .01). Conclusions: Increased corticospinal excitability appears to mediate improvements in ankle DF ROM and lower extremity function following long axis distraction manipulation 1 Assistant Professor, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, to the talocrural joint in nondisabled individuals. These results establish comparative values with which to compare the corticospinal responses to manual therapy intervention in individuals with pathology. INTRODUCTION Ankle sprains are the most common injury to the ankle joint, affecting up to 2 million people and approximately 53 per 10,000 individuals per year. 1,2 Ankle sprains are common in younger and active individuals. 3-8 Certain sports and work activities may result in an even higher incidence and risk for injury. 9-15 Ankle sprains are a clinically important problem because they result in a substantial number of missed work days 8 and participation in sports activity, 3,5 as well as lead to potential early arthritic changes in the talocrural joint. 16 The prognosis for functional recovery following ankle sprain typically includes a rapid clinical improvement within the first two weeks after injury. 17 However, a series of recent studies indicate a subgroup of individuals appears predisposed to continued pain, functional deficits, and prolonged risk for additional reinjury between 6 weeks and 3 years post injury. 17-25 The prolonged disability associated with ankle sprains represents the possibility of increased direct and indirect health care costs associated with ankle sprains, and may be reduced through identification of optimal approaches to clinical management. One reason for continued pain and elevated risk for reinjury may be limited ankle joint mobility, which may occur as either a cause or consequence of ankle sprain. Limited ankle dorsiflexion has been documented as a major short-term sequel to ankle sprain. 26,27 In addition, several studies have identified limited talocrural joint dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) as an important predisposing factor to ankle sprains. 28-30 Limited ankle DF ROM will position the talocrural joint in plantar flexion during weight bearing activities. This position is notable because the most common mechanism of injury for ankle sprains involves plantar flex-ion and inversion of the ankle and foot. The injury mechanism places excessive load on the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL). With failure of ATFL, secondary restraint to inversion occurs by way of the calcaneo-fibular and posterior talofibular ligaments, placing them at similar risk for injury. Thus, limited ankle DF ROM may result in injury and consequent structural and functional compromise of the ankle lateral collateral ligaments. Physical therapists use mobilization and manipulation to improve ankle DF ROM following ankle sprains. Despite the intuitive appeal of applying these procedures to promote parallel improvements in talocrural DF ROM and functioning in individuals following ankle sprains, this notion has been the focus of relatively few prospective studies. 31 Pellow and Brantingham 32 were among the first to report reduced pain and improved function in individuals with ankle sprains receiving an ankle mortise distraction technique. Whitman and colleagues 33 reported rapid functional improvement after talocrural manipulation in a competitive volleyball player with a mild unilateral