Programs for special classes for children with complex violations of the development of special educational institutions for visually impaired children. Labor training. Preparatory, grades 1-4

Метою трудового навчання є розвиток особистості зі складними вадами розвитку через залучення до різних видів доступної праці, засвоєння знань про властивості оброблюваних матеріалів, вивчення засобів праці, формування відповідального ставлення до вирішення трудових завдань і навчання безпеки праці. У процесі трудової діяльності з різноманітними предметами та матеріалами, змінюючи під час обробки їх форму, конфігурацію, розміри, величину, об’єм, вагу, поверхню, учні оволодівають прийомами і способами проведення обстежувальних дій, предметної і просторової орієнтації, збагачують власні уявлення про навколишню дійсність, знаходять особисто значущі для них об’єкти праці, тобто такі, що найкраще забезпечують реалізацію їхніх творчих можливостей. Мета і завдання предмета реалізуються на основі змісту кількох основних напрямків життєдіяльності: природа, людина, техніка, естетичне довкілля. За структурою програма складається з трьох колонок: зміст навчального матеріалу; навчальні досягнення учнів; спрямованість корекційно-розвивальної роботи.Целью трудового обучения является развитие личности со сложными нарушениями в развитии путем привлечения к различным видам доступного труда, усвоение знаний о свойствах обрабатываемых материалов, изучение средств труда, формирование ответственного отношения к решению трудовых задач и обучения безопасности труда. В процессе трудовой деятельности с различными предметами и материалами, изменяя при обработке их форму, конфигурацию, размеры, величину, объем, вес, поверхность, учащиеся овладевают приемами и способами проведения обследовательских действий, предметной и пространственной ориентации, обогащают собственные представления об окружающей действительности, находят лично значимые для них объекты труда, то есть такие, которые лучше всего обеспечивают реализацию их творческих возможностей. Цель и задачи предмета реализуются на основе содержания нескольких направлений жизнедеятельности: природа, человек, техника, эстетика окружающей среды. По структуре программа состоит из трех колонок: содержание учебного материала; учебные достижения учащихся; направленность коррекционно-развивающей работы.The purpose of labor training is the development of a person with complex defects through the involvement in various types of accessible labor, the acquisition of knowledge about the properties of processed materials, the study of means of labor, the formation of responsible attitude to solving labor problems and training in labor safety. In the process of work with various objects and materials, changing their shape, configuration, size, size, volume, weight, surface, and size, size, size, volume, weight, surface, students acquire techniques and methods of conducting exploratory actions, subject and spatial orientation, enriching their own ideas about the surrounding reality, find objects of labor that are personally meaningful to them, that is, those that best ensure the realization of their creative abilities. The purpose and tasks of the subject are realized on the basis of the content of several key areas of life: nature, man, technique, aesthetic environment. The structure of the program consists of three columns: the content of the training material; educational achievements of students; the direction of correction and development work

A hand hygiene intervention to decrease infections among children attending day care centers: Design of a cluster randomized controlled trial

Background: Day care center attendance has been recognized as a risk factor for acquiring gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, which can be prevented with adequate hand hygiene (HH). Based on previous studies on environmental and sociocognitive determinants of caregivers' compliance with HH guidelines in day care centers (DCCs), an intervention has been developed aiming to improve caregivers' and children's HH compliance and decrease infections among children attending DCCs. The aim of this paper is to describe the design of a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention.Methods/design: The intervention will be evaluated in a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial among 71 DCCs in the Netherlands. In total, 36 DCCs will receive the intervention consisting of four components: 1) HH products (dispensers and refills for paper towels, soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer, and hand cream); 2) training to educate about the Dutch national HH guidelines; 3) two team training sessions aimed at goal setting and formulating specific HH improvement activities; and 4) reminders and cues to action (posters/stickers). Intervention DCCs will be compared to 35 control DCCs continuing usual practice. The primary outcome measure will be observed HH compliance of caregivers and children, measured at baseline and one, three, and six months after start of the intervention. The secondary outcome measure will be the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in 600 children attending DCCs, monitored over six months by parents using a calendar to mark th

A summary index for antimicrobial resistance in food animals in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND: The Dutch government has set targets for reduction of antimicrobial usage in food animals, stipulating a 50% reduction in usage (on a weight basis) in 2013 as compared to 2009 and a 70% decrease in 2015. A monitoring program has been instituted to evaluate the impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The Dutch Ministry of Public Health Welfare and Sports has expressed the need for a summary index to present the results of the monitoring data concisely to policy makers.METHODS: We use data on AMR in bacteria from randomly collected samples from broiler chickens, fattening pigs, veal calves and dairy cows. Escherichia coli was selected for resistance monitoring because they are intrinsically susceptible to the antibiotics included in the test panel (ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and ampicillin) and they are present in all samples, which facilitates proper randomization and trend analysis. The AMR summary index was calculated for each animal species as a weighted average over the four antibiotics, taking into account their clinical relevance. Weights were obtained by conjoint analysis, a pairwise comparison study involving infectious diseases professionals with clinical and public health backgrounds, with data analysis by conditional logistic regression. The AMR summary index was then computed by Monte Carlo simulation, accounting for sampling and regression uncertainty.RESULTS: The highest weights (0.35) were given to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime followed by ampicillin (0.23) and tetracycline (0.07). Throughout the years, the AMR index was highest in broiler chickens, followed by pigs and veal calves, while the lowest values were consistently recorded in dairy cows. In all animal species, the index in 2014 was significantly lower than in 2009.CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that high-dimensional data on surveillance of antimicrobial resistance can be summarized in an index for evaluating trends between and within food animal species by a process involving decision makers and scientists to select and weight the most relevant antibiotics.</p

Prevalence of persistent symptoms after treatment for lyme borreliosis: A prospective observational cohort study.

Of 1135 LB patients (94•8% erythema migrans, 5•2% disseminated LB), 1084 fulfilled primary analysis criteria, as well as 1942 population and 1887 tick-bite controls. Overall prevalence of persistent symptoms in LB patients was 27•2% (95%CI, 24•7%-29•7%); 6•0% and 3•9% higher than in population (21•2%, 95%CI, 19•3%-23•1%; p < 0•0001) and tick-bite (23•3%, 95%CI 21•3%-25•3%; p = 0•016) cohorts, respectively. At 12 months, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and pain were significantly more severe in erythema migrans patients than in reference cohorts, while in disseminated LB patients, only pain was more severe

Prevalence of persistent symptoms after treatment for lyme borreliosis: A prospective observational cohort study

Background: Concerns about long-lasting symptoms attributed to Lyme borreliosis (LB) are widespread in the Western world, while such symptoms are highly prevalent in the general population. Methods: In the largest prospective study to date, adults with physician-confirmed LB were included at the start of antibiotic treatment. Primary outcomes, prevalence of persistent symptoms and symptom severity, were assessed using three-monthly standardised questionnaires during one year. Persistent symptoms were defined as impaired scores for fatigue (CIS, subscale fatigue), cognitive impairment (CFQ) or pain (SF-36, subscale bodily pain) ≥6 months, with onset <6 months. Outcomes were compared with a longitudinal general population and a tick-bite cohort without LB as a reference. Findings: Of 1135 LB patients (94•8% erythema migrans, 5•2% disseminated LB), 1084 fulfilled primary analysis criteria, as well as 1942 population and 1887 tick-bite controls. Overall prevalence of persistent symptoms in LB patients was 27•2% (95%CI, 24•7%-29•7%); 6•0% and 3•9% higher than in population (21•2%, 95%CI, 19•3%-23•1%; p < 0•0001) and tick-bite (23•3%, 95%CI 21•3%-25•3%; p = 0•016) cohorts, respectively. At 12 months, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and pain were significantly more severe in erythema migrans patients than in reference cohorts, while in disseminated LB patients, only pain was more severe. Interpretation: In treated LB patients, persistent symptoms were significantly more prevalent and symptoms were more severe than in individuals without LB, although the background prevalence was substantial. This suggests an association, either direct or indirect, between persistent symptoms and LB in a relatively small subset of patients. Funding: ZonMw; Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport

Prevalence and determinants of persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme borreliosis: study protocol for an observational, prospective cohort study (LymeProspect).

After antibiotic treatment of Lyme borreliosis, a subset of patients report persistent symptoms, also referred to as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. The reported prevalence of persistent symptoms varies considerably, and its pathophysiology is under debate. The LymeProspect study has been designed to investigate the prevalence, severity, and a wide range of hypotheses on the etiology of persistent symptoms among patients treated for Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands. LymeProspect is a prospective, observational cohort study among adults with proven or probable Lyme borreliosis, either erythema migrans or disseminated manifestations, included at the start of antibiotic treatment. During one year of follow-up, participants are subjected to questionnaires every three months and blood is collected repeatedly during the first three months. The primary outcome is the prevalence of persistent symptoms after treatment, assessed by questionnaires online focusing on fatigue (CIS, subscale fatigue severity), pain (SF-36, subscale pain) and neurocognitive dysfunction (CFQ). Potential microbiological, immunological, genetic, epidemiological and cognitive-behavioral determinants for persistent symptoms are secondary outcome measures. Control cohorts include patients with long-lasting symptoms and unconfirmed Lyme disease, population controls, and subjects having reported a tick bite not followed by Lyme borreliosis. This article describes the background and design of the LymeProspect study protocol. This study is characterized by a prospective, explorative and multifaceted design. The results of this study will provide insights into the prevalence and determinants of persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme borreliosis, and may provide a rationale for preventive and treatment recommendations. NTR4998 (Netherlands Trial Register). Date of registration: 13 February 2015