Computational Analysis Of Ejector With Oscillating Nozzle

The demand for cooling increases at faster rate than the energy availability. So, refrigeration systems that use renewable energy sources need to be developed to reduce energy demand thus addressing the energy crisis and environmental pollution related to this. An ejector based refrigerator is one kind of a system which uses thermal energy sources such as solar energy, waste heat from industry, automotive exhaust, etc. to operate the system. Ejector consists of a primary driving nozzle, mixing section, and diffuser. Ejector is used to pump the refrigerant from evaporator to condenser using high pressure stream. Thus replacing compressor present in the conventional refrigeration system. Present study numerically investigates the effect of oscillation of convergent-divergent nozzle in an ejector using ANSYS Fluent.15.5. The nozzle domain will oscillate between two points in the ejector at particular frequency and amplitude. The motion of nozzle and movement of the mesh according to the nozzle oscillation is made possible by user-defined functions available in ANSYS Fluent 15.5. Variation of entrainment ratio with time has been studied at different amplitudes and frequency combination and the same is compared with the stationary nozzle. Even though the oscillating nozzle underperforms the conventional one at lower amplitude and frequency, the former one shows a trend of increasing with increasing frequency. References Selvaraju, A. Mani, Analysis of an ejector with environment-friendly refrigerants, Appl. Therm. Eng., Vol. 24, (2004). Y. Bartosiewicz, Z. Aidoun, P. Desevaux and Y. Mercadier, Numerical and experimental investigations on supersonic ejectors, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol. 26, (2005). Arun K.M., S Tiwari and A. Mani, Three-dimensional numerical investigations on rectangular cross-section ejector. International J. Thermal Sciences, Vol. 122 (2017)

EVALUATION OF OCULAR FILMS OF OFLOXACIN FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Objective: The current study emphasizes on the treatment of ocular infection with objectives of reducing the frequency of administration, obtaining controlled release and greater therapeutic efficacy of the drug (ofloxacin) using ocular films.Methods: Ocular films were designed by solvent evaporation method containing a different combination of polymers. The folding endurance (mechanical strength) was determined by the number of folds at a specific single place required to break the film into two parts. Thickness was measured using screw gauze. The surface pH was done by pH paper. The percentage moisture absorption was carried out by placing the ocular films in a desiccator containing ammonium chloride. Percentage moisture loss was carried out by placing the ocular films in the desiccator containing anhydrous calcium chloride. in vitro drug release study were carried by using a modified version of franz diffusion cell. Stability study were carried using stability chambers as per ICH guidelines. The antibacterial activity was performed by using male albino rabbits.Results: The thickness and folding endurance of the films were in the range of 44±1.1 to 92±1.8 and 4.5±0.6 to 6.8±0.3, respectively for different formulations. Surface pH was evaluated in the range of 6.6 to 7.2. Percentage moisture absorption and percentage moisture loss were evaluated in the range of 1.17±1.1 to 6.72±1.5 and 0.58±0.9 to 1.23±0.9 respectively. Microbial growth was not observed in any formulation during sterility testing. The drug release for different batch codes PAH, PBE, PCP, PDC, PEEH, and PFEC was found to be 96.2, 56.9, 93.4, 94.5, 98.4 and 95.9 % respectively up to 12 h. Ocular films of batch code PEEH was optimized for maximum drug release (98.4%). The antibacterial effect was noted periodically (01 to 05 d) after administration of sterile formulation in the treated eyes vs. control eyes of each rabbit. The optimized batch PEEH of ocular films reduced the infection and redness completely within 3 d in a single dose.Conclusion: The optimized formulation would be able to offer benefits such as increased residence time, prolonged drug release, reduced frequency of administration and improved patient compliance with complete removal of inflammation and redness from the cul-de-sac

Two-dimensional Numerical Analysis on Ejector of Vapour Jet Refrigeration System

A vapour jet refrigeration system (VJRS) is an alternative to the conventional mechanically driven vapor-compression refrigeration system. The VJRS utilizes a supersonic ejector as a thermal compressor and has the potential to reduce energy consumption in refrigeration systems [1]. In the present study, the performance characteristics of VJRS ejectors with R134a as refrigerant have been investigated numerically using ANSYS Fluent. VJRS works on the principle that the high-pressure vapour from generator gets expanded through the convergent-divergent nozzle to produce high velocity stream which entrain the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator. Both the streams mix together in the mixing chamber. It results in pressure rise in the mixing chamber due to formation of shock waves followed by flow through the diffuser. The constant pressure mixing chamber where primary and entrained fluids mix together is the area of concern in the ejector. In the present work, two-dimensional analysis on the ejector geometry of VJRS (capacity = 3.5 kW) is carried out to examine the turbulent behavior and boundary layer distribution in the constant pressure mixing chamber. Also the performance of ejector at low generator temperature and low evaporator temperature has been evaluated. In addition, the present study includes the effect of area ratio and mixing chamber length of the ejector. Turbulence effects in the ejector have been modeled using the standard k-epsilon turbulence model [2]. The primary nozzle profile is developed by method of characteristics. The geometry presented here uses five different values of throat area ratio for fixed diameter of constant area mixing chamber. The exit diameter of the convergent-divergent nozzle, diameter and length of diffuser and length of constant area mixing chamber have been optimised. The ejector geometry is assumed axisymmetric and quadrilateral mesh is used for the present study. The computed results are initially validated with available literature and experimental data. For the numerical simulations on the selected ejector, generator temperature is varied from 340 K to 370 K, the condenser temperature is varied from 290 K to 310 K and the evaporator temperature is varied from 263 K to 283 K. The numerical results obtained contribute to understanding the local structure of the flow and demonstrate the role of the secondary choking in deciding the entrainment ratio. Moreover, the results help in identifying the optimum operating condition for each value of nozzle throat area ratio

A CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF TGL COMPOUND IN DYSLIPIDEMIA VIS-A-VIS MEDODUSHTI

Dyslipidemia is a biochemical derangement found in number of disorders like Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Hypothyroidism etc. Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. Epidemiological studies predict that for each 1% reduction in level of LDL-C there is 1% to 1.5% reduction in the risk of major cardiovascular events. Fewer than one half of patients in the United States discharged from the hospital with proven coronary disease receive treatment for Dyslipidemia given the proof that treating Dyslipidemia brings major benefits. Thusglobal views emphasize the need for early; effective interventions against the Atherogenic Dyslipidemia associated with Diabetic and Non-Diabetic cases and with metabolic syndrome to reduce the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases. In Ayurveda, it can be better correlated with Medodushti which is a functional condition and just a precursor stage of Medoroga and can be easily reversible by effective regimen. A single blind Study was carried out in OPD and IPD patients of Kayachikitsa department of Rishikul Campus, Haridwar for 90 days. Total 20 patients were registered for the trial and treated with TGL compound (Self-formulated drug). All the concerned approvals were obtained and data was analyzed under statistical parameters. A significantly reduction of cholesterol level, Triglycerides, VLDL, CHO/HDL Ratio and highly significant reduction of LDL and LDL/HDL Ratio was found. This research also proved the major role of Agni and Ama in pathogenesis of Dyslipidemia, and all the drugs having Dipana, Pachana, Ama nashaka, Kapha-Medohara, Rasayana and Srotoshodhaks quality will be highly effective.

Case report- a rare survival of 2,4-D (ethyl ester) ingestions

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (usually called 2,4-D) is a widely used systemic herbicide. Ingestion of 2,4 D (Ethyl Ester) is rarely reported. Ingestion of this substance leads to neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hematotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Previously reported cases describe toxicities of this agent with very high fatality, only 2 survived case reports are available. In our case the substance was identified readily and treatment started within hours of ingestion with prompt gastric lavage and forced alkaline diuresis. At the time of admission patient had already lost consciousness (i.e. neurotoxicity), patient had developed muscle fibrillations and fasciculations (i.e. myotoxicity) and during the hospital stay he got acute kidney injury (i.e. nephrotoxicity) but all toxicities recovered with treatment. Previously reported fatal cases had late identification of substance and only symptomatic supportive treatment was given whereas we used aggressive approach with forced diuresis and haemodialysis. We are reporting third survived case of 2,4-D (Ethyl Ester) poisoning and emphasizing key points in the management, early identification of substance, early institution of forced alkaline diuresis and use of renal function tests as prognostic marker with timely hemodialysis.

Impact of early intervention of speech and language therapy among hearing impaired child

Background: Hearing impairment is a factor that directly compromises the individual’s language which can affect emotional and academic defects by delayed development of communicative ability. This can vary according to the type and degree of hearing loss. Speech therapy intervention is important, along with the use of sound amplification devices, so that the child may have a chance to develop speech, consequently learning and re-habilitation to the society. Aims of the present study was performed to assess the effectiveness of early intervention of speech and language therapy after use of hearing aids to hearing impaired children on their syntactic and lexical development.Methods: This quasi-experimental study conducted on 100 children having different degree of hearing loss at department of Neurology and department of ENT, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. After collecting socio-demographic data of subjects by observation, completion of questionnaires, and speech recording by audiologist; Speech and language therapy provide by audiologist for six month after providing hearing aids and improvement in their syntactic and lexical development recorded.Results: There is significant improvement in verbal response from 14% before therapy to 81% after therapy and non-verbal response before therapy was 86% and after therapy was 19%. Before giving speech and language therapy to subjects pointing score was 24%, sign language was 10% and words response was 0% which increases after therapy were 1%, 2% and 39% respectively. Early identified/intervened hearing-impaired children had a notable positive difference in all assessed lingual gains.Conclusions: This is study results definitely point to positive effects of intensive and continuous application of speech and language therapy to syntactic and lexical development of hearing impaired children

The intersection of pharmacology, imaging, and genetics in the development of personalized medicine

We currently rely on large randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses to make clinical decisions; this places us at a risk of discarding subgroup or individually specific treatment options owing to their failure to prove efficacious across entire populations. There is a new era emerging in personalized medicine that will focus on individual differences that are not evident phenomenologically. Much research is directed towards identifying genes, endophenotypes, and biomarkers of disease that will facilitate diagnosis and predict treatment outcome. We are at the threshold of being able to predict treatment response, primarily through genetics and neuroimaging. In this review we discuss the most promising markers of treatment response and adverse effects emerging from the areas of pharmacogenetics and neuroimaging in depression and schizophrenia.peer-reviewe

The intersection of pharmacology, imaging, and genetics in the development of personalized medicine

We currently rely on large randomized trials and meta-analyses to make clinical decisions; this places us at a risk of discarding subgroup or individually specific treatment options owing to their failure to prove efficacious across entire populations. There is a new era emerging in personalized medicine that will focus on individual differences that are not evident phenomenologically. Much research is directed towards identifying genes, endophenotypes, and biomarkers of disease that will facilitate diagnosis and predict treatment outcome. We are at the threshold of being able to predict treatment response, primarily through genetics and neuroimaging. In this review we discuss the most promising markers of treatment response and adverse effects emerging from the areas of pharmacogenetics and neuroimaging in depression and schizophrenia