50 research outputs found
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ (ΠΠ§Π ) Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Power Factory. ΠΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1. ΠΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ βΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡβ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΉ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π»Ρ.The paper considers the frequency load shedding of an electric power system. The objective of this paper is to enhance the structure and algorithms of frequency load shedding-1 (AUFLS-1) using cutting-edge technologies, namely Wide Area Measurement System. We model the operation of the system of complex power supply when various emergencies in the Power Factory software occur. We aim at revealing the fact of the voltage corner reaction on the emergency occurrence and elaborating the algorithm of detecting the emergency by speed of voltage corner change. The result and novelty of this research is that we propose how to upgrade the system AUFLS-1 by introducing the additional starting block reacting to the speed of the voltage corner change which increases the speed of AUFLS-1 system operation. As a result the system AUFLS-1 starts up not only by achieving βfrequencyβ set point but also by analyzing the speed of voltage corner change.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ§Π ) ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ Power Factory. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ βΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉβ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ·Π»Π΅
Π‘ΠΠΠ«Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ― Π‘Π’Π ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ€ΠΠ― Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ« ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ―Π¦ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ Π‘Π’Π ΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ― Π Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ Π
Study of the Ordovician sedimentary sequences of Gorny Altai and Salair has revealed lithological and paleontological features correlating with global sedimentary events:(1) The Acerocare Regressive Event (an initial event in the Early Tremadocian);(2) Black Mountain Transgressive Event (Early Tremadocian);(3) Peltocare Regressive Event (Tremadocian);(4) Kelly Creek Regressive Event (Late Tremadocian);(5) Ceratopyge Regressive Event (Late Tremadocian);(6) Billingen Transgressive Event (Early Floian);(7) Stein Lowstand Event (Middle Darriwilian);(8) Vollen Lowstand Event (Sandbian);(9) Arestad Drowning Event (Middle Sandbian);(10) Frognerkilen Lowstand Event (Early Katian);(11) Linearis Drowning Events 1 and 2 (Middle Katian);(12) Terminal Husbergoya Lowstand Event (Hirnantian); and(13) Hirnantian Lowstand Event (HICE) (Late Ordovician).The chronostratigraphic levels with traces of the global sedimentary events in the Uymen-Lebed structural-facies zone (SFZ) (Gorny Altai) differ from those in the Charysh-Inya and Anui-Chuya SFZ (Altai). In the Ordovician, the Altai basin located in the Charysh-Inya and Anui-Chuya SFZ was a marine area separated from both the Uymen-Lebed basin and the coeval Salair basin. The traces of the global sedimentary and/or biotic events in the Altai and Salair sections can be used as a precise basis for direct correlation of the local stratigraphic units with the units of the International Stratigraphic Chart.Π ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π‘Π°Π»Π°ΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ:1) ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ (Acerocare),2) ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠ»ΡΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ (Black Mountain),3) ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ (Peltocare),4) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈ ΠΡΠΈΠΊ (Kelly Creek),5) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π¦Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅ (Ceratopyge),6) ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ (Billingen),7) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ (Stein),8) ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π±ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π½ (Vollen Lowstand),9) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π½Π±ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π΄ (Arestad),10) ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π€ΡΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ (Frognerkilen),11) ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠΈΡ (Linearis),12) Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ β Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π₯ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉΡ (Terminal Husbergoya),13) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π₯ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Π½Ρ (Hirnantian Lowstand) (HICE).Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π£ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΠ΅Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ (Π‘Π€Π) ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π§Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Π§ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π‘Π€Π ΠΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ»ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² Π§Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-Π§ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π‘Π€Π, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ Π£ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΠ΅Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π‘Π°Π»Π°ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ) Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ
Spectroscopic diagnostics for ablation cloud of tracer-encapsulated solid pellet in LHD
INTEGRAL observations of SS433: Results of a coordinated campaign
Results of simultaneous INTEGRAL and optical observations of the galactic microquasar SS433 in May 2003 and INTEGRAL/RXTE observations in March 2004 are presented. Persistent precessional variability with a maximum to minimum uneclipsed hard X-ray flux ratio of βΌ4 is discovered. The 18-60 keV X-ray eclipse is found to be in phase with optical and near infrared eclipses. The orbital eclipse observed by INTEGRAL in May 2003 is at least two times deeper and apparently wider than in the soft X-ray band. The broadband 2-100 keV X-ray spectrum simultaneously detected by RXTE/INTEGRAL in March 2004 can be explained by bremsstrahlung emission from optically thin thermal plasma with kT βΌ 30 keV. Optical spectroscopy with the 6-m SAO BTA telescope confirmed the optical companion to be an A5-A7 supergiant. For the first time, spectorscopic indications of a strong heating effect in the optical star atmosphere are found. The measurements of absorption lines which are presumably formed on the non-illuminated side of the supergiant yield its radial velocity semi-amplitude Kv = 132 Β±9 km s-1. The analysis of the observed hard X-ray light curve and the eclipse duration, combined with the spectroscopically determined optical star radial velocity corrected for the strong heating effect, allows us to model SS433 as a massive X-ray binary. Assuming that the hard X-ray source in SS433 is eclipsed by the donor star that exactly fills its Roche lobe, the masses of the optical and compact components in SS433 are suggested to be Mv β 30 Mβ and Mx β 9 Mβ, respectively. This provides further evidence that SS433 is a massive binary system with supercritical accretion onto a black hole. Β© ESO 2005
Modelling Jets, Tori and Flares in Pulsar Wind Nebulae
In this contribution we review the recent progress in the modelling of Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWN). We start with a brief overview of the relevant physical processes in the magnetosphere, the wind-zone and the inflated nebula bubble. Radiative signatures and particle transport processes obtained from 3D simulations of PWN are discussed in the context of optical and X-ray observations. We then proceed to consider particle acceleration in PWN and elaborate on what can be learned about the particle acceleration from the dynamical structures called GwispsG observed in the Crab nebula. We also discuss recent observational and theoretical results of gamma-ray flares and the inner knot of the Crab nebula, which had been proposed as the emission site of the flares. We extend the discussion to GeV flares from binary systems in which the pulsar wind interacts with the stellar wind from a companion star. The chapter concludes with a discussion of solved and unsolved problems posed by PWN