Südamerakkude sünnijärgse arengu bioenergeetilised aspektid: struktuuri ja funktsiooni vaheliste seoste väljakujunemine

Taust ja eesmärk. Täiskasvanud südamerakkude bioenergeetikas on valdavaks ATP genereerimisemehhanismiks mitokondriaalne oksüdatiivne fosforüülimine, mis katab tavatingimustel üle 90% südame energeetilisest vajadusest. Mitokondrid paiknevad kardiomüotsüütides korrapäraselt müofibrillide vahel, asetudes kohakuti libisevate filamentide kontaktalaga (sarkomeeri anisotroopne (A) vööt). Aktomüosiinisüsteem, mitokondrid, sarkoplasmaatiline võrgustik ja nendega seotud tsütoskeleti valgud moodustavad rakus ühtse struktuurse ja funktsionaalse terviku, nn energeetilise üksuse (EÜ), mis reguleerib efektiivselt energia tootmist ja fosforüülrühma ülekannet. Vahetult pärast sündi on mitokondrite paigutus ebakorrapärane, täiskasvanud kardiomüotsüüdiga võrreldes on oluliselt erinev ka südamerakkude metabolism ning energiaülekande regulatsioon. Töö eesmärgiks oli uurida südame mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsiooni mehhanismide väljakujunemist südame sünnijargses arengus ning selle seotust mitokondrite ja tubuliini isovormide rakusisese paigutusega. Töö tulemused võimaldavad selgitada südamerakkude teatud patoloogiliste seisundite etioloogiat. Metoodika. Kardiomüotsüüdid isoleeriti, perfuseerides katseloomade (Wistari liini rotid) südant kollagenaas A lahusega. Skineeritud kiudude eraldamiseks kasutati meetodit, mille käigus lihaskiud eraldatakse õrnalt pintsettidega ja töödeldakse seejärel saponiiniga. Permeabiliseeritud kardiomüotsüütide ja skineeritud kiudude hapnikutarbimine registreeriti suure lahutusvõimega oksügraafil. Preparaatide visualiseerimiseks kasutati konfokaalmikroskoope Zeiss LSM 510 ja Olympus FluoView FV10i-W. Tulemused. Katseloomade sünni järel toimuvad esimese pooleteise kuu jooksul südamerakuenergiaülekande regulatsioonis kiired muutused: mitokondrite paigutus muutub korrapäraseks, toimub tsütoskeleti funktsionaalselt oluliste komponentide paigutumine mitokondrite lähedusse ja sellega samal ajal kasvavad oluliselt difusioonitakistused adenosiindifosfaadile (Km(ADP) väärtus suureneb 75,0 ・} 4,5 μM 3 päeva vanuste rottide kardiomüotsüütides kuni 317 ・} 29,5 μM vorreldes 84päevaste katseloomadega) ning käivitub kreatiinkinaasi-fosfokreatiini ülekandevõrgustik mitokondrite ja tsütosoolsete ATPaaside vahel. Järeldused. Katseloomade sünnijargse arengu käigus toimuvad dünaamilised muutusedkardiomüotsüütide struktuuris, millega kaasnevad muutused nende funktsioonis. Funktsionaalsete vastasmõjude tekkimine mitokondrite ja tsütoskeleti komponentide vahel on eelduseks täiskasvanud südamerakule omase energiametabolismi väljakujunemiseks. Eesti Arst 2013; 92(7):372–38

Uusi suundi kasvajate energiametabolismi uuringutes

Genoomika kiire arengu käigus on selgunud, et selle valdkonna meetoditega ei ole võimalik erinevaid metabolismihäireid terviklikult kirjeldada ning täiendavalt on vaja kasutusele võtta teisi meetodeid rakuenergeetikast ning proteoomikast. Äärmiselt huvitavaks kujuneb selline süsteemsem käsitlus ulatuslike patoloogiliste muutustega maliigses koes. Eelmise sajandi alguses kirjeldas Otto Warburg efekti, kus tuumorirakkudes toimus eelistatult glükolüüs isegi normoksiatingimustes. Tema esmane arvamus, et just see asjaolu ongi raku maliigsuse allikas, lükati järgnevatel aastatel uute avastuste valguses ümber. Lisaks ulatuslikele rakuenergeetilistele ümberkorraldustele maliigse raku sees (nt kärbitud Krebsi-tsükkel, hingamisahela superkompleksid) on viimastel aastatel erinevate vähipaikmete juures korduvalt tõestatud ka kahe kompartmendi olemasolu, kus maliigne rakk allutab ümbritseva strooma enda jaoks vajalikke metaboliite tootma. Maliigsuse täpsem olemus, paremad ravimisihtmärgid ning -strateegiad võivad peituda just kasvajate süsteemsemate uuringute tulemustes. Eesti Arst 2013; 92(5):261–26

Südamelihase rakkude struktuuri olulisus rakuhingamise regulatsioonis

Viimastel aastatel on järjest selgemaks saanud seos raku energeetilise ainevahetuse ja südamehaiguste vahel, mistõttu on oluline uurida seda mõjutavaid tegureid. Töös uuriti südamelihase rakkude mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsiooni väga erineva rakustruktuuriga preparaatides: 1) permeabiliseeritud kardiomüotsüütides, kus mitokondrid on regulaarselt organiseeritud; 2) südamelihase fenotüübiga sarnastes kontraheeruvates HL-1 (B HL-1) rakkudes ja 3) HL-1 mittekontraheeruvates (NB HL-1) rakkudes. Nende preparaatide vahel esines suur erinevus mitokondriaalse hingamise regulatsioonis. Selline tulemus näitab raku struktuuri ja funktsiooni vaheliste seoste tähtsust südamelihase rakkudes ning võimaldab paremini mõista protsesse nii terves kui ka patoloogilises südamelihases. Eesti Arst 2008; 87(1):19−2

Adaptation of striated muscles to Wolframin deficiency in mice: Alterations in cellular bioenergetics

Background: Wolfram syndrome (WS), caused by mutations in WFS1 gene, is a multi-targeting disease affecting multiple organ systems. Wolframin is localized in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), influencing Ca2+ metabolism and ER interaction with mitochondria, but the exact role of the protein remains unclear. In this study we aimed to characterize alterations in energy metabolism in the cardiac and in the oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles in Wfs1-deficiency. Methods: Alterations in the bioenergetic profiles in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of Wfs1-knock-out (KO) male mice and their wild type male littermates were determined using high resolution respirometry, quantitative RT-PCR, NMR spectroscopy, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Results: Oxygen consumption without ATP synthase activation (leak) was significantly higher in the glycolytic muscles of Wfs1 KO mice compared to wild types. ADP-stimulated respiration with glutamate and malate was reduced in the Wfs1-deficient cardiac as well as oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles. Conclusions: Wfs1-deficiency in both cardiac and skeletal muscles results in functional alterations of energy transport from mitochondria to ATP-ases. There was a substrate-dependent decrease in the maximal Complex I –linked respiratory capacity of the electron transport system in muscles of Wfs1 KO mice. Moreover, in cardiac and gastrocnemius white muscles a decrease in the function of one pathway were balanced by the increase in the activity of the parallel pathway. General significance: This work provides new insights to the muscle involvement at early stages of metabolic syndrome like WS as well as developing glucose intoleranc

Metabolic control analysis of integrated energy metabolism in permeabilized cardiomyocytes - experimental study.

International audienceThe main focus of this research was to apply Metabolic Control Analysis to quantitative investigation of the regulation of respiration by components of the Mitochondrial Interactosome (MI, a supercomplex consisting of ATP Synthasome, mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK), voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), and tubulin) in permeabilized cardiomyocytes. Flux control coefficients (FCC) were measured using two protocols: 1) with direct ADP activation, and 2) with MtCK activation by creatine (Cr) in the presence of ATP and pyruvate kinase-phosphoenolpyruvate system. The results show that the metabolic control is much stronger in the latter case: the sum of the measured FCC is 2.7 versus 0.74 (ADP activation). This is consistent with previous data showing recycling of ADP and ATP inside the MI due to the functional coupling between MtCK and ANT and limited permeability of VDAC for these compounds, PCr being the major energy carrier between the mitochondria and ATPases. In physiological conditions, when the MI is activated, the key sites of regulation of respiration in mitochondria are MtCK (FCC = 0.93), adenine nucleotide translocase ANT (FCC = 0.95) and CoQ cytochrome c oxidoreductase (FCC = 0.4). These results show clearly that under the physiological conditions the energy transfer from mitochondria to the cytoplasm is regulated by the MI supercomplex and is very sensitive to metabolic signals

Tubulin βII and βIII Isoforms as the Regulators of VDAC Channel Permeability in Health and Disease

In recent decades, there have been several models describing the relationships between the cytoskeleton and the bioenergetic function of the cell. The main player in these models is the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), located in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Most metabolites including respiratory substrates, ADP, and Pi enter mitochondria only through VDAC. At the same time, high-energy phosphates are channeled out and directed to cellular energy transfer networks. Regulation of these energy fluxes is controlled by β-tubulin, bound to VDAC. It is also thought that β-tubulin‒VDAC interaction modulates cellular energy metabolism in cancer, e.g., switching from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. In this review we focus on the described roles of unpolymerized αβ-tubulin heterodimers in regulating VDAC permeability for adenine nucleotides and cellular bioenergetics. We introduce the Mitochondrial Interactosome model and the function of the βII-tubulin subunit in this model in muscle cells and brain synaptosomes, and also consider the role of βIII-tubulin in cancer cells

High efficiency of energy flux controls within mitochondrial interactosome in cardiac intracellular energetic units.

International audienceThe aim of our study was to analyze a distribution of metabolic flux controls of all mitochondrial complexes of ATP-Synthasome and mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) in situ in permeabilized cardiac cells. For this we used their specific inhibitors to measure flux control coefficients (C(vi)(JATP)) in two different systems: A) direct stimulation of respiration by ADP and B) activation of respiration by coupled MtCK reaction in the presence of MgATP and creatine. In isolated mitochondria the C(vi)(JATP) were for system A: Complex I - 0.19, Complex III - 0.06, Complex IV 0.18, adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) - 0.11, ATP synthase - 0.01, Pi carrier - 0.20, and the sum of C(vi)(JATP) was 0.75. In the presence of 10mM creatine (system B) the C(vi)(JATP) were 0.38 for ANT and 0.80 for MtCK. In the permeabilized cardiomyocytes inhibitors had to be added in much higher final concentration, and the following values of C(vi)(JATP) were determined for condition A and B, respectively: Complex I - 0.20 and 0.64, Complex III - 0.41 and 0.40, Complex IV - 0.40 and 0.49, ANT - 0.20 and 0.92, ATP synthase - 0.065 and 0.38, Pi carrier - 0.06 and 0.06, MtCK 0.95. The sum of C(vi)(JATP) was 1.33 and 3.84, respectively. Thus, C(vi)(JATP) were specifically increased under conditions B only for steps involved in ADP turnover and for Complex I in permeabilized cardiomyocytes within Mitochondrial Interactosome, a supercomplex consisting of MtCK, ATP-Synthasome, voltage dependent anion channel associated with tubulin βII which restricts permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane

Formation of highly organized intracellular structure and energy metabolism in cardiac muscle cells during postnatal development of rat heart

AbstractAdult cardiomyocytes have highly organized intracellular structure and energy metabolism whose formation during postnatal development is still largely unclear. Our previous results together with the data from the literature suggest that cytoskeletal proteins, particularly βII-tubulin, are involved in the formation of complexes between mitochondria and energy consumption sites. The aim of this study was to examine the arrangement of intracellular architecture parallel to the alterations in regulation of mitochondrial respiration in rat cardiomyocytes during postnatal development, from 1day to 6months.Respirometric measurements were performed to study the developmental alterations of mitochondrial function. Changes in the mitochondrial arrangement and cytoarchitecture of βII- and αIV-tubulin were examined by confocal microscopy.Our results show that functional maturation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is completed much earlier than efficient feedback regulation is established between mitochondria and ATPases via creatine kinase system. These changes are accompanied by significant remodeling of regular intermyofibrillar mitochondrial arrays aligned along the bundles of βII-tubulin. Additionally, we demonstrate that formation of regular arrangement of mitochondria is not sufficient per se to provide adult-like efficiency in metabolic feed-back regulation, but organized tubulin networks and reduction in mitochondrial outer membrane permeability for ADP are necessary as well. In conclusion, cardiomyocytes in rat heart become mature on the level of intracellular architecture and energy metabolism at the age of 3months