Introspective and traditional views of language

The present-day traditional view of language has an essentially pedagogical background inherited from antiquity. Certain features of this heritage have passed through the centuries, reached our days and continue to be a sort of implicit postulates penetrating almost into every scientific conception of language. This causes specific divergences between the scientific view of language and its introspective view, i.e., the way it is actually conceived by an individual during ordinary communication. Studying those divergences is important for a better grasping the nature of natural language and for a more adequate approaching to certain problems

О подобии задач комбинаторной оптимизации и универсальности алгоритмов

Розглянуто властивість подібності, яка має місце в комбінаториці та комбінаторній оптимізації. Виявлено різноманітні ознаки, за якими вона визначається для задач, що відносяться до різних класів. Описано задачі комбінаторної оптимізації, які подібні за аргументом цільової функції, а в комбінаториці — за способом утворення та упорядкування комбінаторних конфігурацій. Завдяки цій властивості їхні множини генеруються одним і тим же алгоритмом або його модифікацією. Показано, що деякі задачі комбінаторної оптимізації, що відносяться до різних класів, розділяються на подібні підзадачі, які розв’язуються за однією обчислювальною схемою. Властивість подібності, яка характерна для задач цього класу, визначає їхню універсальність, завдяки якій вони розв’язуються за одним і тим же методом. Вивчення та використання цієї властивості в комбінаторній оптимізації в подальшому дозволить зводити нерозв’язні задачі до розв’язних.A property of similarity which takes place in combinatorics and combinatorial optimization is examined. The various signs, after which it is determined for problems, which belong to the different classes, are defined. The problems of combinatorial optimization, which are similar by the argument of objective function, and in combinatorics – by the method of formation and ordering of combinatorial configurations, are described. Due to this property their sets are generated by the same algorithm or its modification. It is shown that some combinatorial optimization problems, which belong to different classes are divided into similar subproblems that are solved by the same calculable scheme. The property of similarity, which is typical for this class of problems, determines their universality by which they are solved by the same method. A study and use of this property in the combinatorial optimization in the future will reduce the insoluble problems to the solvables.Рассмотрено свойство подобия, которое имеет место в комбинаторике и комбинаторной оптимизации. Выявлены различные признаки, по которым оно определяется для задач, относящихся к разным классам. Описаны задачи комбинаторной оптимизации, которые подобны по аргументу целевой функции, а в комбинаторике — по способу образования и упорядочения комбинаторных конфигураций. Благодаря этому свойству их множества генерируются одним и тем же алгоритмом или его модификацией. Показано, что некоторые задачи комбинаторной оптимизации, относящиеся к разным классам, разделяются на подобные подзадачи, решаемые по одной вычислительной схеме. Свойство подобия, которое характерно для задач этого класса, определяет их универсальность, благодаря которой они решаются одним и тем же методом. Изучение и использование этого свойства в комбинаторной оптимизации в дальнейшем позволит сводить неразрешимые задачи к разрешимым

Possibility of Extracting Semantic Associates of Russian Verbs by the Instrument RusVectōrēs

The paper presents the results of investigating distributional semantics’ potential in its realization in the form Web-service RusVectōrēs. The question about applying the service for studying semantics of Russian verbs is considered. The research urgency is caused by insufficient level of information about linguistic possibilities of distributional semantics in whole. The novelty of the research consist in the fact that the question about applying the instrument RusVectōrēs for investigating verb semantics is posed for the first time. Classification of semantic relations extracted by RusVectōrēs for Russian verbs is proposed. The analyzed data include two lists of entry verbs and the set of semantic associates for each verb; the integral set of considered semantic associates consists of 468 verbs. Special attention is paid to semantic relations that can be treated as lexical functions because this sort of relations appeared to be the most frequent for Russian verbs; the whole number of extracted lexical functions is equal to 28. It is shown that lexical functions that correspond to aspectual variants of verbs, to synonymic relations and conversion are the most frequent; hyponyms and co-hyponyms are the most frequent among semantic relations that differ from lexical functions; situational relations and actant relations are comparatively rare. Special attention is paid to the details that are important for applying the instruments of lexical functions to semantic relations extracted for verbs by the service RusVectōrēs

Typology of Semantic Relations Extracted by the Instrument RusVectōrēs

The question about the types of semantic relations extractable by the Web-service RusVectōrēs is considered. The research urgency is caused by insufficient state of knowledge about linguistic potential of this instrument and distributive semantics in whole. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the problem concerning typology of semantic relations extractable on the base of distributional semantics - that is the method that uses automatic processing of big textual data without taking into account linguistic information - is posed for the first time. Classification of semantic relations including eight types of paradigmatic and three types of syntagmatic relations is proposed. It is shown that application of the method under consideration provides the set of semantic associates that consists predominantly of the words that stand in paradigmatic relations with the entry word; and among them hyponyms or co-hyponyms are the most frequent. The question about an effect that the semantic group of the entry word may have on the types of extractable semantic relations is studied. It is shown that the effect can be traced, although it needs additional investigations on more representative data for further specification. The comparative analysis of five semantic groups of the words gave evidence for the abovementioned general trend (about predominance of hyponyms and co-hyponyms) and allowed to produce several specific hypothesis about correlations between the semantic type of an entry word and the types of semantic relations extracted for the word

Democratization in a passive dendritic tree : an analytical investigation

One way to achieve amplification of distal synaptic inputs on a dendritic tree is to scale the amplitude and/or duration of the synaptic conductance with its distance from the soma. This is an example of what is often referred to as “dendritic democracy”. Although well studied experimentally, to date this phenomenon has not been thoroughly explored from a mathematical perspective. In this paper we adopt a passive model of a dendritic tree with distributed excitatory synaptic conductances and analyze a number of key measures of democracy. In particular, via moment methods we derive laws for the transport, from synapse to soma, of strength, characteristic time, and dispersion. These laws lead immediately to synaptic scalings that overcome attenuation with distance. We follow this with a Neumann approximation of Green’s representation that readily produces the synaptic scaling that democratizes the peak somatic voltage response. Results are obtained for both idealized geometries and for the more realistic geometry of a rat CA1 pyramidal cell. For each measure of democratization we produce and contrast the synaptic scaling associated with treating the synapse as either a conductance change or a current injection. We find that our respective scalings agree up to a critical distance from the soma and we reveal how this critical distance decreases with decreasing branch radius

Branching dendrites with resonant membrane: a “sum-over-trips” approach

Dendrites form the major components of neurons. They are complex branching structures that receive and process thousands of synaptic inputs from other neurons. It is well known that dendritic morphology plays an important role in the function of dendrites. Another important contribution to the response characteristics of a single neuron comes from the intrinsic resonant properties of dendritic membrane. In this paper we combine the effects of dendritic branching and resonant membrane dynamics by generalising the “sum-over-trips” approach (Abbott et al. in Biol Cybernetics 66, 49–60 1991). To illustrate how this formalism can shed light on the role of architecture and resonances in determining neuronal output we consider dual recording and reconstruction data from a rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cell. Specifically we explore the way in which an Ih current contributes to a voltage overshoot at the soma

ANATOMICO-SURGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DUODENOJEJUNAL CHANGE AT THE CHRONIC DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION

Anatomic and clinical research of duodenojejunal change in norm, and at the chronic duodenal obstruction, of functional character was realized. Peculiarities of motor-evacuation disorders + were revealed with help of X-ray method and peripheral computed, electrogastroenterography. Sizes, variants of forms of duodenojejunal change in norm, and in pathology were determined with, use of endoscopic method

Angular Forces Around Transition Metals in Biomolecules

Quantum-mechanical analysis based on an exact sum rule is used to extract an semiclassical angle-dependent energy function for transition metal ions in biomolecules. The angular dependence is simple but different from existing classical potentials. Comparison of predicted energies with a computer-generated database shows that the semiclassical energy function is remarkably accurate, and that its angular dependence is optimal.Comment: Tex file plus 4 postscript figure

Integrated approach to radiodiagnosis of follicular thyroid neoplasia: a retrospective cohort trial

Background. An evidence-based diagnostic tactics for follicular thyroid gland neoplasia is lacking to date. First-line priority are radiography diagnostic techniques, which vary in capacities and therefore must be regulated in use.Objectives. An efficacy evaluation of multiparametric ultrasound (US), sonoelastography (SEG) and radionuclide scintigraphy (RS) in diagnosis of follicular thyroid neoplasms (FTN).Methods. Preoperative examination was interpreted in 222 FTN patients (86 with follicular thyroid adenoma, FTA, and 136 with follicular thyroid cancer, FTC) with subsequent surgery. A retrospective statistical data analysis was performed for B-mode US, colour Doppler imaging (CDI), power Doppler imaging (PDI), sonoelastography and Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy.Results. Novel FTN descriptive evidence has been obtained. Particularly, an FTA vs. FTC trait comparison showed no reliable US marker of a node assignment to FTA or FTC. Trials of the national-manufactured TI-RADS system showed its good diagnostic potential: FTN sensitivity 89.55, specificity 77.58 and accuracy 83.52%. A SEG picture of FTN was typically motley-colour and mosaic. Young’s modulus in FTA was 27.5 ± 7.1 kPa, a higher stiffness (62.1 ± 12.1 kPa) in FTC indicated a higher likelihood of malignancy. Scintigraphy exhibited a modest capacity for FTN diagnosis (sensitivity 86.67, specificity 48.08 and accuracy 56.72%). AUC values (0.617) indicate its limited use for differential FTN diagnosis, mainly in hyperfunctioning nodules. Our experience elaborated an original algorithm for radiographic techniques application in FTN diagnosis.Conclusion. Several radiographic methods are warranted in suspected FTN. First-line is multiparametric US B-mode imaging to detect FTN priority markers and US symptom complexes. Sonoelastography is second-line in ambiguous cases to further clarify structure (stiffness) of the thyroid nodule examined. Unlike SEG, scintigraphy assesses the functional traits of thyroid nodule and so has limited indications, an important factor to consider in FTN

Amphiphilic adducts of myrcene and N-substituted maleimides as potential drug delivery agents

The title drug delivery compounds with pharmacophoric moieties were synthesized, and their interaction with model biomembranes (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles) was examined. © 2014 Mendeleev Communications. All rights reserved