Efficient plot-based floristic assessment of tropical forests

The tropical flora remains chronically understudied and the lack of floristic understanding hampers ecological research and its application for large-scale conservation planning. Given scarce resources and the scale of the challenge there is a need to maximize the efficiency of both sampling strategies and sampling units, yet there is little information on the relative efficiency of different approaches to floristic assessment in tropical forests. This paper is the first attempt to address this gap. We repeatedly sampled forests in two regions of Amazonia using the two most widely used plot-based protocols of floristic sampling, and compared their performance in terms of the quantity of floristic knowledge and ecological insight gained scaled to the field effort required. Specifically, the methods are assessed first in terms of the number of person-days required to complete each sample (‘effort’), secondly by the total gain in the quantity of floristic information that each unit of effort provides (‘crude inventory efficiency’), and thirdly in terms of the floristic information gained as a proportion of the target species pool (‘proportional inventory efficiency’). Finally, we compare the methods in terms of their efficiency in identifying different ecological patterns within the data (‘ecological efficiency’) while controlling for effort. There are large and consistent differences in the performance of the two methods. The disparity is maintained even after accounting for regional and site-level variation in forest species richness, tree density and the number of field assistants. We interpret our results in the context of selecting the appropriate method for particular research purposes

Potential suppressive effects of Mexican poppy weed residues on germination and early growth of maize and pearl millet crops

Argemone ochroleuca allelochemical properties have been reported but not empirically tested on economically important staple cereal crops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the potential Allelopathic effects of the alien weed’s residues on germination and early-growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and Pearl millet (Pennisertum glaucum). Allelopathic effects of A. ochroleuca on maize and millet seed germination were tested in a 2 (shoot and root) x 11 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100g/L water) factorial treatment arrangement in CRD in an incubator placed in a laboratory. Whereas effects of the weed extracts on the same crops’ early-growth were tested in a 2 (shoot and roots) x 8 (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14g ground-powdered extracts) factorial arrangement in RCBD under laboratory conditions. Maize and millet germination percentage, germination speed, mean germination time, mean daily germination, plumule and radicle length were measured for germination test, whereas, plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot mass were used as indicators of A. ochroleuca suppression of early plant growth. Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively, while early-growth variables were reduced by 66–100% and 4–37%, respectively. Argemone ochroleuca shoot extracts were more suppressive than root extracts on germination and early growth of the two crops. In conclusion, A. ochroleuca Allelopathic effects were concentration and plant-part dependent, inhibitory effects increased with concentrations, with extracts from shoots being more Allelopathic on measured variables when compared to root extracts. As A. ochroleuca continues to spread yearly without any control strategies in place, a threat exist on maize and Pearl millet production especially in communal farming areas where improved management strategies are non- existent.&nbsp

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Byrsonima arthropoda

Angiosperm

Byrsonima arthropoda

Angiosperm

Assessing fish diversity in abandoned mining ponds in Madre de Dios, Peru, using environmental DNA

Abstract The Peruvian region of Madre de Dios is a biodiversity hotspot located in the Andean‐Amazon region. Since the 1970s, it has experienced the harsh effects of artisanal and small‐scale gold mining (ASGM), which has transformed the primary forests into numerous small mining ponds left abandoned after extraction. Preliminary surveys indicate that these ponds are being recolonized by surrounding biodiversity. These assessments are typically carried out using traditional methods that are costly, difficult to deploy at multiple locations, and have raised safety concerns. In this context, environmental DNA (eDNA) becomes a useful tool for biodiversity monitoring due to its simplicity for sample collection and performance to identify taxonomic groups. In this study, we evaluated fish biodiversity in two mining ponds created by ASGM along with two nearby pristine lakes, unimpacted by mining operations but also influenced by seasonal flooding. We compared two alternative eDNA processing methods and contrasted our results with historic data from traditional biodiversity monitoring. Both eDNA‐based methods yielded comparable results, varying only in logistic requirements and costs. In total, we detected 85 fish MOTUs (22 at the species level) from 5 orders, 22 families, and 41 genera. Some of the species identified with eDNA were rarely registered by traditional monitoring, and we could identify 6 genera associated with ASGM mining ponds only. A major restriction of the eDNA approach in this location was the insufficient local taxa registered in genomic databases which limited our taxonomic resolution. Despite this limitation, our results indicate that eDNA could be a powerful tool for biodiversity estimations in the Western Amazon, identifying more taxa, with much less time and money invested than traditional monitoring. Our results also confirm that abandoned mining ponds are being recolonized by surrounding ichthyofauna, reaching richness levels above nearby unmined oxbow lakes used as reference

Dinámicas simbólico-expresivas del “encuentro cultural Colombo Ecuatoriano”

El campo de a creatividad social es una opción diferente para aproximarse al conocimiento de la realidad, donde se asuma una reflexión sobre las dinámicas creativas, colectivas, conducentes a la auto reflexión sobre las condiciones socio políticas que conlleven a una transformación de las mismas. En el ámbito de la pedagogía de la creatividad, se propone una ampliación desde el campo institucional, hacia espacios como el barrio, la calle, el parque y grupos sociales de distinta índole, en búsqueda de alternativas pedagógicas desinstitucionalizadas. De ahí que nuestra propuesta sea: Facilitar dinámicas de simbolización de contenidos de expresión en diferentes medios o lenguajes, que proyecten creativamente la representación de contextos problemáticos por parte de colectivos inscritos en comunidades educativas, para, desde ella estudiar los lenguajes que expresan y reflejan los mundos simbólicos al interior de las comunidades, en procura de abordar problemáticas educativas y sociales. Se constituye entonces, el Encuentro Cultural Colombo Ecuatoriano, que se realiza, en el espacio ideal para la investigación de las problemáticas educativas y comunitarias, puesto que en este evento se muestra la diversidad étnico cultural que conforma nuestro municipio, siendo una de las muestras más representativas de la multiculturalidad caracterizada de Colombia, en la que los procesos de creatividad social, visibilizan realidad social, económica expresiva y simbólica. Dado que el proyecto tiene como objeto de estudio este escenario, es necesario reflexionar acerca de la celebración comunitaria, donde los imaginarios, la expresión y la configuración de símbolos tienen un espacio de manifestación y proyección en los entornos de la sociedad, que permite poner en escena su historia, con el fin de compartirla y fortalecerla, dándose la oportunidad de comparar los valores propios con los foráneos , permitiendo hacer de los valores de la cultura propia , un referente de relaciones interculturales

Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

BACKGROUND Evidence is urgently needed to support treatment decisions for children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. METHODS We performed an international observational cohort study of clinical and outcome data regarding suspected MIS-C that had been uploaded by physicians onto a Web-based database. We used inverse-probability weighting and generalized linear models to evaluate intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) as a reference, as compared with IVIG plus glucocorticoids and glucocorticoids alone. There were two primary outcomes: the first was a composite of inotropic support or mechanical ventilation by day 2 or later or death; the second was a reduction in disease severity on an ordinal scale by day 2. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation and the time until a reduction in organ failure and inflammation. RESULTS Data were available regarding the course of treatment for 614 children from 32 countries from June 2020 through February 2021; 490 met the World Health Organization criteria for MIS-C. Of the 614 children with suspected MIS-C, 246 received primary treatment with IVIG alone, 208 with IVIG plus glucocorticoids, and 99 with glucocorticoids alone; 22 children received other treatment combinations, including biologic agents, and 39 received no immunomodulatory therapy. Receipt of inotropic or ventilatory support or death occurred in 56 patients who received IVIG plus glucocorticoids (adjusted odds ratio for the comparison with IVIG alone, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33 to 1.82) and in 17 patients who received glucocorticoids alone (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.22 to 1.33). The adjusted odds ratios for a reduction in disease severity were similar in the two groups, as compared with IVIG alone (0.90 for IVIG plus glucocorticoids and 0.93 for glucocorticoids alone). The time until a reduction in disease severity was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that recovery from MIS-C differed after primary treatment with IVIG alone, IVIG plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, although significant differences may emerge as more data accrue