Ancestral physical stress and later immune gene family expansions shaped bivalve mollusc evolution

Bivalve molluscs comprise 20,000 species occupying a wide diversity of marine habitats. As filter feeders and detritivores they act as ecosystem engineers clarifying water, creating reefs, and protecting coastlines. The global decline of natural oyster reefs has led to increased restoration efforts in recent years. Bivalves also play an important role in global food security contributing to >20% of worldwide aquaculture production. Despite this importance, relatively little is known about bivalve evolutionary adaptation strategies. Difficulties previously associated with highly heterozygous and repetitive regions of bivalve genomes have been overcome by long-read sequencing, enabling the generation of accurate bivalve assemblies. With these resources we have analyzed the genomes of 32 species representing each molluscan class, including 15 bivalve species, to identify gene families that have undergone expansion during bivalve evolution. Gene family expansions across bivalve genomes occur at the point of evolutionary pressures. We uncovered two key factors that shape bivalve evolutionary history: expansion of bivalvia into environmental niches with high stress followed by later exposure to specific pathogenic pressures. The conserved expansion of protein recycling gene families we found across bivalvia is mirrored by adaptations to a sedentary lifestyle seen in plants. These results reflect the ability of bivalves to tolerate high levels of environmental stress and constant exposure to pathogens as filter feeders. The increasing availability of accurate genome assemblies will provide greater resolution to these analyses allowing further points of evolutionary pressure to become clear in other understudied taxa and potentially different populations of a single species

The Four Coordination Roles of Clients When Designing Megaproject Organizations

Organizational design is composed of structure, the artifact, and coordination, the action. Existing organizational design literature lacks coherence, resulting in models that overlook the importance of coordination as an organizational design issue, which intensifies in megaprojects. We explore the roles of clients when designing megaproject organizations, identifying four coordination roles: (1) meta-organizer, (2) gatekeeper, (3) interface manager, and (4) mediator. These roles align with management levels (strategic, tactical, operational), corresponding to megaproject phases and organizational design development. The conceptual framework contributes to the organizational design literature by providing a systems-wide view and enriching the understanding of the multilevel coordination roles of clients

Chromosome level reference genome for European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.)

International audienc

SC forest products industry export report, 2019

The goal of this report is to provide timely information on international markets and export activities that are and will be relevant for the development of the South Carolina’s forest products industry. This document offers insights on international trade of the state’s forest products and the most promising destinations for each product category. Historic trade data is based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s “Origin of Movement (OM)” state export series, which is intended to measure state exports on the basis of transportation, not manufacturing origin. The included figures are presented to offer a perspective on the composition of exports from the state, on the basis of origin transportation

Current plate boundary deformation of the Afar rift from a 3-D velocity field inversion of InSAR and GPS

Extension, faulting, and magmatism are the main controls on the magnitude and localization of strain at mid‐ocean ridges. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of such processes are not clear since the strain distribution has not been resolved in the past at sufficient spatial resolution and over extended areas. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS data with unprecedented resolution are now available to us from the Afar rift of Ethiopia. Here we use a velocity field method to combine InSAR and GPS to form the first high‐resolution continuous three‐dimensional velocity field of Afar. We study an area that is 500 km wide and 700 km long, covering three branches of the Afar continental rift and their triple junctions. Our velocity field shows that plate spreading is currently achieved in Afar in contrasting modes. A transient postdiking deformation is focused at the Dabbahu rift segment, while in central Afar, spreading is distributed over several overlapping segments and southern Afar exhibits an interdiking deformation pattern focused at the Asal–Ghoubbet segment. We find that current spreading rates at Dabbahu, following the 2005–2010 intrusions, are up to 110 mm/yr, 6 times larger than the long‐term plate divergence. A segment‐centered uplift of up to 80 mm/yr also occurs, indicating that magma flow is still a primary mechanism of deformation during postdiking. On the other hand, no vertical displacements are currently observed in central and southern Afar, suggesting lack of significant magmatic activity at shallow levels

Representa??es de norma lingu?stica para professores de l?ngua portuguesa do ensino fundamental II.

Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Letras. Departamento de Letras, Instituto de Ci?ncias Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento das representa??es acerca de norma lingu?stica que t?m professores de L?ngua Portuguesa do Ensino Fundamental II. Observar a pr?tica de colegas mais experientes ? condi??o para se tornar professor. A partir da?, o observador relata e analisa aquilo que assistiu. Entretanto, ouvir o professor em exerc?cio tamb?m pode colaborar para esse processo formador constante. ? nesta perspectiva que este estudo caminha: ouvir professores no que se refere aos aspectos de norma lingu?stica. Partindo da descri??o hist?rica da institucionaliza??o da L?ngua Portuguesa no Brasil, perpassamos tamb?m os caminhos da fixa??o dessa l?ngua como disciplina a ser ensinada nas escolas. Discorremos sobre a legisla??o brasileira no que se refere ?s prescri??es curriculares (PCN e BNCC) para ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa no Brasil, e procuramos mostrar como essas prescri??es nos parecem imprecisas no que concerne ? ideia de norma lingu?stica. Analisamos, ent?o, as ideias de norma para alguns te?ricos, partindo dos preceitos estruturalistas de Saussure e atingindo linguistas brasileiros que investigam a quest?o da norma lingu?stica da L?ngua Portuguesa. Este trabalho se vale em sua metodologia de um question?rio proposto aos professores participantes no processo investigativo e procurou levantar as representa??es de determinado grupo de sujeitos. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar e descrever as representa??es de norma lingu?stica que t?m os professores de L?ngua Portuguesa do ensino fundamental II. O campo de pesquisa ? uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais, Itabirito, cujos professores participantes s?o funcion?rios da rede municipal de ensino. OS resultados dessa disserta??o apontam para tr?s eixos representativos ? a saber: norma culta: sin?nimo de padr?o; o uso ? oposto ? norma padr?o e ? norma culta; adequa??o lingu?stica. Esta pesquisa lan?ou luz ? voz docente, um dos protagonistas do processo ensino-aprendizagem - o professor - e salientar as inconsist?ncias tanto nos referenciais te?ricos quanto nos documentos que regem o ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa s?o refletidos nas representa??es mapeadas neste estudo.This study sought to raise the representations in linguistic norms of Portuguese language teachers in Elementary School II. Observing the practice of more experienced colleagues is a condition to become a teacher. From there, the observer reports and analyzes what he watched. However, listening to the acting teacher can also contribute to this constant formative process. It is in this perspective that this study moves: listening to teachers regarding the aspects of linguistic norm. Starting from the historical description of the institutionalization of the Portuguese language in Brazil, we also crossed the paths of fixing this language as a discipline to be taught in schools. We discuss Brazilian legislation with regard to curricular prescriptions for teaching Portuguese in Brazil, and we try to show how imprecise these prescriptions seem with regard to the idea of a linguistic standard. We then analyzed ideas of a norm for some theorists, starting from Saussure's structuralism precepts and reaching Brazilian linguists who investigate the issue of the Portuguese language's linguistic norm. This study uses a questionnaire proposed to teachers participating in the investigative process and sought to raise the representations of a certain group of subjects. Thus, the objective was to raise and describe the representations of linguistic norms that Portuguese language teachers in elementary education II have. The research field is a city in the interior of Minas Gerais, Itabirito, whose participating teachers are employees of the municipal school system. What we found were three representative axes - namely: Formal norm: synonymous with pattern; Usage is opposite to the norm and the cultured norm; Linguistic adequacy. This research was done in an attempt to give voice to one of the protagonists of the teachinglearning process - the teacher - and to highlight the inconsistencies both in the theoretical references and in the documents that govern the of Portuguese language teaching are reflected in the representations mapped in this study

FORESTS AND THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN : A Planner’s Guide

This guide offers strategies for conserving or restoring local forests using the comprehensive planning process. All comprehensive plans should include information about the extent and condition of local forests along with strategies for their protection. This guide suggests key considerations, steps and examples communities can use to implement information-rich, visionary and strategic plans for their forests within their comprehensive plans. The ultimate goal of this guide is to help local governments and others create more effective comprehensive plan policies that protect and conserve South Carolina’s forests and habitats

Workplace Information Literacy: A Neglected Priority for Community College Libraries

Community and technical colleges have long been sites for educating two groups of students: those going on to baccalaureate education and those seeking degrees in vocational-technical fields. If there are specialized programs of information literacy instruction for these divergent groups, they have not been described in the literature. This article examines prior relevant literature and empirical evidence from focus groups and a survey to provide a brief outline of the vocational/technical information literacy programs in community college libraries and makes recommendations for reassessing the priority assigned to these activities