Phenotypic characterization of the Peach (Prunus spp.) collection at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Davis, California

Germplasm repositories are an invaluable resource for the collection and preservation of important living genetic material, and provide a multitude of research opportunities for crop improvement. Advances in genomics research have created an urgent demand for phenotypic data in order to assist researchers in identifying relationships between genetic makeup and phenotypic variability. The peach, Prunus persica, is an important economic crop species that is heavily bred and cultivated. In peach, specific tree growth habits are used in breeding to select for tree architectures that may provide growers with more options for orchard design and cultural practices. The presence of extrafloral nectaries on leaf petioles has been found to confer beneficial associations and is linked to specific disease resistant qualities. The canopy volume plays an important role in capturing photosynthetically active radiation and can help growers predict several important economic outcomes, and shoot growth characteristics, like absolute growth rate and branch extension rates affect fruit development as well as overall growth habit, thus playing an important role in determining fruit yield. The goals of this project were to assess five phenotypic traits among 364 peach genotypes in 9 distinct taxa that consist of cultivars, breeder\u27s selections, and wild relatives, held at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Davis, CA. The recent repropagation of these accessions provided a unique opportunity to establish baseline data on a large set of uniformly aged trees. The growth habit of all accessions was primarily standard (55%), while open, upright, and compact forms were less common (36%, 6%, and 3% respectively). The wild type accessions were slightly more upright (10% higher) than cultivated accessions, while the cultivated accessions were slightly more open (5% higher) than wild-type accessions. Extrafloral nectaries were present in 97% of accessions, likely due to the strong influence of breeding programs that have sought to eliminate eglandular phenotypes. Mean canopy volumes, absolute branch growth rates and branch extension rates differed significantly among the 9 taxa and between wild and cultivated genotypes, but were not significantly different within all taxa. The branch absolute growth rates, branch lengths (of pruned branches over 0.5 cm at base), branch extension rates and canopy volumes were consistently higher in two wild-type accessions, P. davidiana and P. mira, than in the persica group. The P. persica accessions had significantly different branch growth and extension rates, and canopy volume, while both P. persica var. persica and P. persica var. nucipersica did not have significantly different branch growth and extension rates, and canopy volumes. The wild-type species, along with the hybrids and P. spp, had greater variation among branch growth characteristics (length and extension rates, and canopy volume). The first two principal components explained 76% of the total observed phenotypic variability using 8 variables. A hierarchical cluster dendrogram with 4 groupings placed most cultivated accessions (P.persica, P. persica var. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, and P. spp) in one group along with a wild-type P. ferganensis accession. Another grouping included P. davidiana and P. hybrids, while the final two taxa, P. mira and P. kansuensis were each grouped individually. The PCA and cluster analysis both primarily grouped wild accessions separately from cultivated accessions (with the exception of a P.ferganensis accession), and combined P. persica varieties with P. persica. The groupings created by both analyses suggest P. persica var. persica and P. persica var. nucipersica are phenotypically more similar to P.persica, while the wild relatives differ substantially from one another and the persica group. The results suggest there is substantial phenotypic variability within the repository collection and our characterization of that variation will be invaluable to growers and breeders seeking information on specific growth characteristics. The variation predominantly reflects the historical objectives of breeding and cultivation, and serves as a valuable tool for the development of new cultivars through the use of wild and cultivated genotypes --Leaves iii-v

Demographics, Activities, and Environmental Factors Impact Burnout in a National Survey of Emergency Medicine Residents

Introduction: Burnout in emergency medicine and in residency training has been well-described. The impact of demographic, individual, and programmatic factors on burnout have not previously been determined in a national survey of emergency medicine residents. This study aimed to identify personal and environmental factors impacting resident burnout in a national sample of emergency medicine residents. Methods: A prospective Emergency Medicine Resident Wellness Survey was administered in 2017. We surveyed respondents on demographic, personal, and environmental factors; each respondent also completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey. Linear regressions were used to identify variables associated with the Maslach Burnout Inventory’s subscales of burnout (depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and personal achievement). Results: The survey was completed by 1,522 of 7,186 (21.2%) eligible EM residents. Respondents represented 193 of 247 (78.1%) Emergency Medicine residency programs. Increased levels of depersonalization were associated with graduation from a US medical school, female gender, and increase in respondent age. Trainees who were parents and who graduated from an osteopathic (vs. allopathic) medical school were found to have decreased levels of depersonalization. Emotional exhaustion was decreased in respondents who took breaks while on shift and who engaged in regular studying. Conclusion: While some individual characteristics impact burnout, environmental factors also play a significant role, and should be a target of system-level interventions to improve trainee well-being

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in Emergency Medicine Residents

Introduction: Emergency medicine residents suffer from high rates of occupational burnout. Recent research has focused on identifying risk and protective factors for burnout as well as targets for intervention. This research has primarily employed the Maslach Burnout Inventory to evaluate burnout in this population. Factor analytic work has identified three underlying factors measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. However, this three-factor structure has not been evaluated in emergency medicine residents. Furthermore, its structural equivalence has not been demonstrated across commonly-studied risk factors, such as gender and year of post-graduate training. In the present study, we evaluated the structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in emergency medicine residents as well as its measurement invariance across gender and post-graduate year. Methods: 1522 emergency medicine residents (21.1% of all US residents from 78.1% of US residency programs) were recruited as part of the 2017 National EM Resident Wellness Survey and completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey. The factor structure and measurement invariance across both respondent gender and post-graduate year were evaluated using a series of confirmatory factor analyses. Exploratory analyses evaluated whether burnout scores differed across men/women and post-graduate years 1, 2, and 3+ using a structural equation model. Results: The three-factor structure was observed after minor modifications which replicated in cross-validation. This structure was invariant across both gender and post-graduate year at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. Emotional exhaustion scores were higher for female residents and scores on all of the MBI scales indicated greater burnout for more advanced residents. Conclusions: These results indicate the Maslach Burnout Inventory is fully structurally equivalent across gender and post-graduate year and further validates its use in this population. Secondary evaluations of the latent means revealed that female residents tend to have higher scores on Emotional Exhaustion and that scores on all factors tend to worsen as trainees progress through their residency

Third-person self-talk facilitates emotion regulation without engaging cognitive control: Converging evidence from ERP and fMRI.

Does silently talking to yourself in the third-person constitute a relatively effortless form of self control? We hypothesized that it does under the premise that third-person self-talk leads people to think about the self similar to how they think about others, which provides them with the psychological distance needed to facilitate self control. We tested this prediction by asking participants to reflect on feelings elicited by viewing aversive images (Study 1) and recalling negative autobiographical memories (Study 2) using either I or their name while measuring neural activity via ERPs (Study 1) and fMRI (Study 2). Study 1 demonstrated that third-person self-talk reduced an ERP marker of self-referential emotional reactivity (i.e., late positive potential) within the first second of viewing aversive images without enhancing an ERP marker of cognitive control (i.e., stimulus preceding negativity). Conceptually replicating these results, Study 2 demonstrated that third-person self-talk was linked with reduced levels of activation in an a priori defined fMRI marker of self-referential processing (i.e., medial prefrontal cortex) when participants reflected on negative memories without eliciting increased levels of activity in a priori defined fMRI markers of cognitive control. Together, these results suggest that third-person self-talk may constitute a relatively effortless form of self-control

Optimist Prime- Emergency Medicine Residents are an Optimistic Group

Introduction: No study before has been conducted looking at the level of optimism and pessimism in emergency medicine residents and how it may be linked to resident burnout. This is the first national- level assessment of these personality factors. Methods: This was a prospective survey study leveraging data obtained through the 2017 National Emergency Medicine Resident Wellness Survey, which included the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item tool that measures levels of optimism versus pessimism. Results: We found that the majority of our resident respondents scored in the moderate category of the LOT-R. Additionally, 12.4% fell into the more optimistic category. Conclusion: The results indicate that emergency medicine residents are not generally pessimistic and a pessimistic outlook is unlikely to affect resident levels of fatigue, burnout or emotional distress

Where does stress happen? Ecological momentary assessment of daily stressors using a mobile phone app.

Despite the importance of daily stress to individuals' health and wellbeing, few studies have explored where stress happens in real time. As such, stress interventions rarely account for the environment in which stress occurs. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect daily stress data. Thirty-three participants utilized a mobile phone-based EMA app to record stressors as they went about their daily lives. GPS coordinates were automatically collected with each stress report. Data from thematic and geographic information system (GIS) analysis were used in a chi-square analysis of stressors by location (home, work, work from home, and other) to determine if certain stressors were more prevalent in certain environments. The study found that nine daily stressors significantly differed by location. Work-related stress was reported more often at work but was also commonly experienced at home. In contrast, pets, household chores, sleep and media related stressors were reported most at home, but not experienced as often in other locations. Physical illnesses, vehicles or driving, and law and order stressors occurred most often in the 'work from home' condition. Traffic-related stress was experienced more common in 'other' environments. Study findings: 1) expand the understanding of environments in which specific stressors occur; 2) extend the nomological network of cognitive appraisal theory to include stress experienced in free-living conditions; 3) provide baseline data for potential targeted 'just-in-time' stress interventions, tailored to specific stressors in certain environments; 4) provide findings related to the 'work from home' phenomenon, increasingly popular during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

The Offender Personality Disorder pathway for women in England and Wales: a hopeful new development?

The Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway was jointly commissioned by Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) and NHS England in 2011. Representing one of the most significant recent developments in mental health and criminal justice, the pathway provides psychologically-informed and relationally-focused treatment for high risk offenders with personality disorder. Acknowledging the gender differences that exist in terms of the psychosocial and criminogenic needs of offenders, the OPD pathway provides female-specific services, delivering “wraparound” support for eligible women throughout their sentences, in custody and in the community. The OPD pathway for women is seeking to make a valuable contribution to managing this population of female offenders who are among the most vulnerable individuals in the criminal justice system, but who pose a high risk to the public. The pathway constitutes an innovative development in terms of delivering improved outcomes for this challenging and complex offender group, but knowledge about its impact will require close on-going evaluation

Budget Perspectives 2012. RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER 22 October 2011

The annual Budget Perspectives Conference, co‐hosted by the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) and the Foundation for Fiscal Studies (FFS), provides a forum for discussing key public policy issues of both immediate and longer‐term concern. Against the current backdrop of major economic and fiscal challenges, budgetary policy must be seen to support Ireland’s return to a sustainable growth path. At a time when expenditure cuts are needed and more tax revenue must be generated, equity issues are of great importance to social solidarity. Research on the allocation of benefits and tax burdens allows these equity issues to be addressed systematically

Where does stress happen? Ecological momentary assessment of daily stressors using a mobile phone app. [Journal article]

Despite the importance of daily stress to individuals' health and wellbeing, few studies have explored where stress happens in real time, that is, dynamic stress processes in different spaces. As such, stress interventions rarely account for the environment in which stress occurs. We used mobile phone based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect daily stress data. Thirty-three participants utilized a mobile-phone-based EMA app to self-report stressors as they went about their daily lives. Geographic coordinates were automatically collected with each stress report. Data from thematic analysis of stressors by location (home, work, work from home, other) were used to determine whether certain stressors were more prevalent in certain environments. Nine daily stressors significantly differed by location. Work-related stress was reported more often at work. Pets, household chores, sleep, and media-related stressors were reported most at home. Physical illnesses, vehicle issues, and safety/security stressors occurred most often while participants were "working from home." Traffic-related stress was experienced more commonly in "other" environments. Other 18 stressors were generated regardless of location, suggesting that these stressors were persistent and without respect to location. Study findings expand the understanding of environments in which specific stressors occur, providing baseline data for potential targeted "just-in-time" stress interventions tailored to unique stressors in specific environments. We also provide findings related to the "work from home" phenomenon. Further work is needed to better understand the unique stressors among the large number of individuals who transitioned to working from home during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Centile reference chart for resting metabolic rate through the life course

OBJECTIVE: Reference centile charts are widely used for the assessment of growth and have progressed from describing height and weight to include body composition variables such as fat and lean mass. Here, we present centile charts for an index of resting energy expenditure (REE) or metabolic rate, adjusted for lean mass versus age, including both children and adults across the life course. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Measurements of REE by indirect calorimetry and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were made in 411 healthy children and adults (age range 6-64 years) and serially in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα) between age 15 and 21 years during thyroxine therapy. SETTING: NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, UK. RESULTS: The centile chart indicates substantial variability, with the REE index ranging between 0.41 and 0.59 units at age 6 years, and 0.28 and 0.40 units at age 25 years (2nd and 98th centile, respectively). The 50th centile of the index ranged from 0.49 units (age 6 years) to 0.34 units (age 25 years). Over 6 years, the REE index of the patient with RTHα varied from 0.35 units (25th centile) to 0.28 units (<2nd centile), depending on changes in lean mass and adherence to treatment. CONCLUSION: We have developed a reference centile chart for an index of resting metabolic rate in childhood and adults, and shown its clinical utility in assessing response to therapy of an endocrine disorder during a patient's transition from childhood to adult