Closing Down an Intellectual Interchange:: The Gifting of Text to Colonial India

Dieser Artikel untersucht Prozesse von Erkenntnistransfer unter staatlicher Vermittlung. Er überträgt erstmals den überzeugenden theoretischen Ansatz von Schriewer, Martínez (2004) und anderen auf einen speziellen Kontext kolonialer Bildung in Britisch-Indien. Der Artikel nimmt einen Einzelaspekt des Kolonialdiskurses in den Blick, nämlich Schul(buch)texte, um an ihnen exemplarisch einen allgemeineren Zusammenhang zu verdeutlichen. Indem er seinen Gegenstand während Schlüsseletappen der britischen Herrschaft analysiert, lotet der Beitrag aus, wie der Staat Erkenntnistransfer nach seinen eigenen Regeln steuert. Er berücksichtigt die Rolle kommunaler, klassenbedingter und regionaler Befindlichkeiten, sieht aber im Herrschaftsgeschäft des Empire auch, wie der wechselnde Charakter kolonialer Macht ein stärkeres Metanarrativ organisierte. Dieses Narrativ unterstrich „Bildungsdefizite“, die „Maßnahmen“ erforderten, und war vor allem für das „Mutterland“ Großbritannien sichtbar. Auf diese Weise entstanden falsche imperiale Dualitäten und der einst fruchtbare intellektuelle Austausch zwischen Ost und West verstummte

William Arnold and Experimental Education in North India, 1855-1859: An Innovative Model of State Schooling

This article is about a progressive experiment concerning state-sponsored schooling that was carried out in north India in the early 1850s. It was on a large scale and, almost uniquely, aimed to engage the poor village boy by building a system designed to wean him onto a sympathetic curriculum that contained both Western and Eastern elements. Even though it was to eventually fail, William Arnold, who implemented the Indian experiment, aimed to avoid the pitfalls of the class-based, English education system by offering village boys the prospect of promotion across a unitary government curriculum that could eventually result in a college education. In this way he hoped to overcome the barriers of both race and class. Arnold’s government-run scheme predated William Forster’s Education Act of 1870 in England even though the precursors for the Indian experiment related to “orientalist” thought that had emerged on the subcontinent a generation earlier.Cet article traite d’une expérience progressiste touchant l’enseignement public, qui fut menée dans le nord de l’Inde au début des années 1850. C’était une expérience de grande envergure qui visait presque uniquement les garçons des villages pauvres pour lesquels on élabora un système destiné à les orienter vers un programme comprenant des éléments venant à la fois de l’Ouest et de l’Est. Même si cette tentative était en définitive vouée à l’échec, William Arnold, le responsable de cette expérience, cherchait à éviter les pièges d’un système d’éducation anglais basé sur la classe sociale, en offrant aux jeunes garçons des villages une perspective d’avancement dans un programme d’études gouvernemental unitaire qui pouvait éventuellement mener à des études collégiales. Il espérait ainsi surmonter les barrières de race et de langue. Le projet gouvernemental d’Arnold précéda la loi de l’instruction publique de William Forster adoptée en Angleterre en 1870 bien que la pensée « orientaliste » des précurseurs de l’expérience indienne soit apparue sur le sous-continent indien une génération plus tôt

Girls Underperforming in Science: Evidences from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Evidences from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan show girls’ out-performance and boys’ under-performance in school and colleges level examinations. Despite of girls' outstanding performance in school and college examination, they are not catching up with boys in science subjects in terms of achieving high grades. This paper aims to unpack the prevailing reasons of girls' under-performance in science subjects in elementary, secondary and higher secondary schools examinations in the capital city of Peshawar- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). It focuses on girls' underperformance in Elementary, Secondary School Certificate and Higher Secondary School Certificate Annual examinations of the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Peshawar, KP. The article uses secondary and primary data. The secondary data consist of results records of BISE, Peshawar KP and primary data come from qualitative interviews with 20 school and college teachers (10 males & 10 females). The selection of teachers was done with the help of purposive sampling technique. The study comes up with diverse explanation for girls’ underperformance and boys’ outperformance in science subjects. The explanation encompasses the traditional beliefs in science subjects as masculine domain, gender stereotypes among parents, teachers, and the gendered belief about jobs opportunities available to boys and girls in socio-cultural context of KP. The findings of the study recommends that girls can do well in science subjects if they are given favorable and conducive environment.Keywords:Education, Outperformance, Purposive Sampling, Science, Thematic analysi

Investigating detrusor muscle concentrations of oxybutynin after intravesical delivery in an Ex Vivo porcine model

Intravesical oxybutynin is highly effective in the treatment of overactive bladder. Traditionally the mechanism of action was explained by antagonism of muscarinic receptors located in the detrusor, however evidence now suggests antimuscarinics may elicit their effect by modifying afferent pathways in the mucosal region. This study aimed to investigate the bladder wall distribution of oxybutynin in an ex vivo setting providing tissue - layer specific concentrations of drug achieved after intravesical delivery. Whole ex vivo porcine bladders were intravesically instilled with 0.167 mg mL−1 oxybutynin solution. After 60 min, tissue samples were excised, serially sectioned parallel to the urothelial surface and extracted drug quantified. Drug distribution into the urothelium, lamina propria and detrusor was determined. Oxybutynin permeated into the bladder wall at a higher rate than other drugs previously investigated (apparent transurothelial Kp = 1.36 × 10−5 cm s−1). After 60 min intravesical instillation, concentrations achieved in the urothelium (298.69 μg g−1) and lamina propria (43.65 μg g−1) but not the detrusor (0.93 μg g−1) were greater than reported IC50 values for oxybutynin. This work adds to the increasing body of evidence suggesting antimuscarinics elicit their effects via mechanisms other than direct inhibition of detrusor contractio

An ex Vivo investigation into the transurothelial permeability and bladder wall distribution of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Ketorolac

Transurothelial drug delivery continues to be an attractive treatment option for a range of urological conditions; however, dosing regimens remain largely empirical. Recently, intravesical delivery of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ketorolac has been shown to significantly reduce ureteral stent-related pain. While this latest development provides an opportunity for advancing the management of stent-related pain, clinical translation will undoubtedly require an understanding of the rate and extent of delivery of ketorolac into the bladder wall. Using an ex vivo porcine model, we evaluate the urothelial permeability and bladder wall distribution of ketorolac. The subsequent application of a pharmacokinetic (PK) model enables prediction of concentrations achieved in vivo. Ketorolac was applied to the urothelium and a transurothelial permeability coefficient (Kp) calculated. Relative drug distribution into the bladder wall after 90 min was determined. Ketorolac was able to permeate the urothelium (Kp = 2.63 × 10–6 cm s–1), and after 90 min average concentrations of 400, 141 and 21 μg g–1 were achieved in the urothelium, lamina propria and detrusor respectively. An average concentration of 87 μg g–1 was achieved across the whole bladder wall. PK simulations (STELLA) were then carried out, using ex vivo values for Kp and muscle/saline partition coefficient (providing an estimation of vascular clearance), to predict 90 min in vivo ketorolac tissue concentrations. When dilution of the drug solution with urine and vascular clearance were taken into account, a reduced ketorolac concentration of 37 μg g–1 across the whole bladder wall was predicted. These studies reveal crucial information about the urothelium’s permeability to agents such as ketorolac and the concentrations achievable in the bladder wall. It would appear that levels of ketorolac delivered to the bladder wall intravesically would be sufficient to provide an anti-inflammatory effect. The combination of such ex vivo data and PK modeling provides an insight into the likelihood of achieving clinically relevant concentrations of drug following intravesical administration

The development of a network for community-based obesity prevention: the CO-OPS Collaboration

Background: Community-based interventions are a promising approach and an important component of a comprehensive response to obesity. In this paper we describe the Collaboration of COmmunity-based Obesity Prevention Sites (CO-OPS Collaboration) in Australia as an example of a collaborative network to enhance the quality and quantity of obesity prevention action at the community level. The core aims of the CO-OPS Collaboration are to: identify and analyse the lessons learned from a range of community-based initiatives aimed at tackling obesity, and; to identify the elements that make community-based obesity prevention initiatives successful and share the knowledge gained with other communities.Methods: Key activities of the collaboration to date have included the development of a set of Best Practice Principles and knowledge translation and exchange activities to promote the application (or use) of evidence, evaluation and analysis in practice.Results: The establishment of the CO-OPS Collaboration is a significant step toward strengthening action in this area, by bringing together research, practice and policy expertise to promote best practice, high quality evaluation and knowledge translation and exchange. Future development of the network should include facilitation of furtherevidence generation and translation drawing from process, impact and outcome evaluation of existing communitybased interventions.Conclusions: The lessons presented in this paper may help other networks like CO-OPS as they emerge around the globe. It is important that networks integrate with each other and share the experience of creating these networks.<br /

Socio-Demographic Patterning of Physical Activity across Migrant Groups in India: Results from the Indian Migration Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between rural to urban migration and physical activity (PA) in India. METHODS: 6,447 (42% women) participants comprising 2077 rural, 2,094 migrants and 2,276 urban were recruited. Total activity (MET hr/day), activity intensity (min/day), PA Level (PAL) television viewing and sleeping (min/day) were estimated and associations with migrant status examined, adjusting for the sib-pair design, age, site, occupation, education, and socio-economic position (SEP). RESULTS: Total activity was highest in rural men whereas migrant and urban men had broadly similar activity levels (p<0.001). Women showed similar patterns, but slightly lower levels of total activity. Sedentary behaviour and television viewing were lower in rural residents and similar in migrant and urban groups. Sleep duration was highest in the rural group and lowest in urban non-migrants. Migrant men had considerably lower odds of being in the highest quartile of total activity than rural men, a finding that persisted after adjustment for age, SEP and education (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.37, 0.74). For women, odds ratios attenuated and associations were removed after adjusting for age, SEP and education. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that migrants have already acquired PA levels that closely resemble long-term urban residents. Effective public health interventions to increase PA are needed

Knowledge transfer, educational change and the history of education : new theoretical frameworks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical overview of the field of knowledge transfer and educational change and a discussion of the issues raised in the six papers in this special edition. Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical analysis of the field of knowledge transfer. Findings – The six papers consider issues such as the interplay of ideas between British and Indian educationalists, post-war debates over literacy standards, the use of curriculum materials for the process of citizen formation, the influence of international exchanges in the education of adolescents for citizenship, Vigotsky and the transfer of knowledge across time, space, culture, disciplines and networks, and the way constructions of Chinese identity within history books were shaped by knowledge processes that transcended nation states. Originality/value – This special issue of the History of Education Review engages with new approaches that have become available to historians in the past decade illustrating how they might be applied for the first time to key issues in the history of education across colonial and state borders. It addresses questions about the movement of knowledge across national and cultural boundaries, and examines key problems facing educators in a range of colonial and postcolonial context