North Carolina\u27s Reincarnated Joint Tenancy: Oh Intent, Where Art Thou

A mother, her daughter, and her son-in-law received title to a North Carolina home as joint tenants with right of survivorship. Little did the mother know that she was almost instantly destroying the newborn joint tenancy when, in order to finance the purchase price, she alone executed a mortgage note and deed of trust at the closing. When she died several years later with that mortgage loan in default, a legal dispute arose centered on whether severance of the joint tenancy had occurred. Following traditional joint tenancy law theory, the Court of Appeals decided somewhat reluctantly that the joint tenancy was indeed severed at the very closing during which it was successfully created; for by executing the deed of trust, the mother had conveyed title according to North Carolina\u27s title theory of mortgage law. Under a common law four unities analysis, her execution of the deed of trust unilaterally destroyed the unity of title required for a joint tenancy and automatically converted it into a tenancy in common. Contrary to what was most likely intended as part of an informal family estate and eldercare plan, her fifty percent undivided interest in the home remained in her estate at her death and did not pass by survivorship to her daughter and son-in-law.\u27 This article addresses key real property and public policy issues triggered by the 1990 legislative reincarnation of the joint tenancy with right of survivorship in North Carolina with a special emphasis on creation and severance issues. It also focuses on piecemeal statutory amendments and revisions to North Carolina joint tenancy law since 1990. The authors\u27 analysis leads to the following conclusions: First, because joint tenancy creation is now intent-based, not unities-based, joint tenancy termination should likewise be intent-based, not unities-destruction-based. Second, unilateral stealth severances of joint tenancies are contrary to public policy, unless accompanied by effective prior notice to the other joint tenant or tenants. Third, North Carolina General Statute section 41-2 requires substantial and comprehensive revision to further clarify the contemporary law of joint tenancy in North Carolina. Fourth, substantial improvement in the law\u27s transparency is required in the legislative process if all interested parties, including consumers, are to have a meaningful opportunity to provide input when important real property laws are added, revised, or deleted from the General Statutes

North Carolina\u27s Reincarnated Joint Tenancy: Oh Intent, Where Art Thou

A mother, her daughter, and her son-in-law received title to a North Carolina home as joint tenants with right of survivorship. Little did the mother know that she was almost instantly destroying the newborn joint tenancy when, in order to finance the purchase price, she alone executed a mortgage note and deed of trust at the closing. When she died several years later with that mortgage loan in default, a legal dispute arose centered on whether severance of the joint tenancy had occurred. Following traditional joint tenancy law theory, the Court of Appeals decided somewhat reluctantly that the joint tenancy was indeed severed at the very closing during which it was successfully created; for by executing the deed of trust, the mother had conveyed title according to North Carolina\u27s title theory of mortgage law. Under a common law four unities analysis, her execution of the deed of trust unilaterally destroyed the unity of title required for a joint tenancy and automatically converted it into a tenancy in common. Contrary to what was most likely intended as part of an informal family estate and eldercare plan, her fifty percent undivided interest in the home remained in her estate at her death and did not pass by survivorship to her daughter and son-in-law.\u27 This article addresses key real property and public policy issues triggered by the 1990 legislative reincarnation of the joint tenancy with right of survivorship in North Carolina with a special emphasis on creation and severance issues. It also focuses on piecemeal statutory amendments and revisions to North Carolina joint tenancy law since 1990. The authors\u27 analysis leads to the following conclusions: First, because joint tenancy creation is now intent-based, not unities-based, joint tenancy termination should likewise be intent-based, not unities-destruction-based. Second, unilateral stealth severances of joint tenancies are contrary to public policy, unless accompanied by effective prior notice to the other joint tenant or tenants. Third, North Carolina General Statute section 41-2 requires substantial and comprehensive revision to further clarify the contemporary law of joint tenancy in North Carolina. Fourth, substantial improvement in the law\u27s transparency is required in the legislative process if all interested parties, including consumers, are to have a meaningful opportunity to provide input when important real property laws are added, revised, or deleted from the General Statutes

AUTOMATIC TEST GENERATION BASED ON CONSTRAINTS

It seems to be a very hard task to enhance the properties of widespreadly used automatic test pattern generation algorithms. Experiences show that achievements are sometimes not worth the effort. In the authors' opinion this fact stems from the basically 'algorithm oriented' nature of research made in the past. A new experimental framework is presented for the problem, considering network representation and search control algorithms as equally important parts. The network is represented by object- oriented data-flow networks, the search control algorithm is based on constraint satisfaction, and a special kind of dependency directed backtracking which we call constraint slackening. Similar methods were proved to be very useful in automatic system diagnosis by DAVIS (1985) and others, although have not been introduced to testing yet. This paper summarises the basic notions of constraint satisfaction, the potential advantages of using it for building test generation systems, and shows implementational details of a test generation system, based on constraints. Experiences of the run-time tests show that constraint-based test generation can be highly efficient

Enduring Legacy? Charles Tilly and Durable Inequality

This article assesses Charles Tilly’s Durable Inequality and traces its influence. In writing Durable Inequality, Tilly sought to shift the research agenda of stratification scholars. But the book’s initial impact was disappointing. In recent years, however, its influence has grown, suggesting a more enduring legacy

Thermodynamics of Heat Shock Response

Production of heat shock proteins are induced when a living cell is exposed to a rise in temperature. The heat shock response of protein DnaK synthesis in E.coli for temperature shifts from temperature T to T plus 7 degrees, respectively to T minus 7 degrees is measured as function of the initial temperature T. We observe a reversed heat shock at low T. The magnitude of the shock increases when one increase the distance to the temperature $T_0 \approx 23^o$, thereby mimicking the non monotous stability of proteins at low temperature. Further we found that the variation of the heat shock with T quantitatively follows the thermodynamic stability of proteins with temperature. This suggest that stability related to hot as well as cold unfolding of proteins is directly implemented in the biological control of protein folding. We demonstrate that such an implementation is possible in a minimalistic chemical network.Comment: To be published in Physical Review Letter

SUPERVISING MICROWAVE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS WITH THE REALEX EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL

To effectively supervise a telecommunication network, an intelligent supervisory system is proposed consisting of a traditional process monitoring. a fault diagnostic, a communication handler and a database manager subsystem. The whole system is based on a generic expert system shell designed to operate in industrial environment. The diagnostic subsystem contains a two-level inference engine to operate on structural information and traditional if-then rules. To ensure easy mapping of the supervisory system to any telecommunication network a configuration environment consisting of several compilers integrated into a multi-window editor was also developed. The system was implemented on two interconnected IBM PC-s running MS WINDOWS 3.0

INTRODUKSI TEKNOLOGI PUPUK ORGANIK DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN KOTORAN SAPI

Ternak sapi di pedesaan diandalkan oleh petani sebagai sumber pendapatan. Di sisi lain, ternak sapi menghasilkan limbah yang dapat berdampak terhadap pencemaran lingkungan. Inovasi teknologi dibutuhkan untuk memanfaatkan kotoran sapi sebagai pupuk organik. Permasalahannya sejauh mana penerapan teknologi pemanfaatan kotoran sapi sebagai pupuk dan apakah pupuk organik dapat memberikan manfaat begi petani peternak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan teknologi pupuk organik dan manfaatnya bagi petani di pedesaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data yang dipublikasi baik oleh BPS maupun artikel – artikel ilmiah. Penentuan lokasi kecamatan dan desa adalah secara purposive sampling. Kecamatan yang dipilih adalah kecamatan yang memiliki populasi sapi terbanyak. Desa sampel adalah desa yang memiliki petani yang sudah menerapkan teknologi pembuatan pupuk bersumber dari kotoran sapi. Responden ditentukan secara purposive sampling yaitu petani yang telah memanfaatkan kotoran sapi sebagai pupuk organik. Analisis data menggunakan análisis deskriptif. Ternak sapi menghasilkan kotoran sebanyak 10 kg per hari yang dikelola menjadi pupuk organik padat sebanyak 3 kg. Jumlah ternak sapi di Kecamatan Sangkub Tahun 2018 sebanyak 3570 ekor menghasilkan kotoran sebanyak 13.030.500 kg dalam setahun. Pupuk padat dijual dengan harga Rp 1500 per kg. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa petani yang mengikuti penyuluhan inovasi teknologi pupuk organik sebanyak 37,5 persen (15 petani) dan yang menerapkan 13,33 persen dari jumlah petani yang ikut penyuluhan. Perlu sosialisasi bagi petani untuk pemanfaatan kotoran sap sebagai pupuk organik.Kata Kunci : teknologi, introduksi, pupuk, organik, sapi ORGANIC FERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION BY UTILIZING CATTLE WASTECattle in rural areas were favored by farmers as a source of income. On the other hand, cattle produce waste which can have an impact on environmental pollution. Technological innovation was needed in utilizing cattle waste as organic fertilizer. The problem was the extent to which technology was applied to utilize cattle waste as fertilizer and whether organic fertilizers can benefit farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of organic fertilizer technology and its benefits for farmers in rural areas. The research method used was a survey method. The data collected was data published both by BPS and scientific articles. Determination of the location of districts and villages was by purposive sampling. The districts were selected based on the districts that had the largest cattle population. The sample villages were determined based on the presence of farmers who had applied fertilizer technology sourced from cattle waste. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling, namely farmers who have used cattle waste as organic fertilizer. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis. Cattles produce 10 kg of feces per day which was managed into 3 kg of solid organic fertilizer. The number of cattle in Sangkub District in 2018 was 3570 heads producing 13,030,500 kg of feces a year. Solid fertilizer was sold at Rp. 1500 per kg. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the farmers who took part in the extension on organic fertilizer technology innovation were 37.5 percent (15 farmers) and those who applied 13.33 percent of the total farmers who participated in the extension. There is a need for socialization for farmers to use cattle waste as organic fertilizer.Keywords: technology, introduction, fertilizer, organic, cattl

Hypo-osmotic cell swelling activates the p38 MAP kinase signalling cascade

Hypo-osmotic swelling of human Intestine 407 cells leads to a significant increase of intracellular MAPKAP-kinase 2 activity and Hsp27 phosphorylation. Pre-treatment of the cells with the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB-203580 blocks this activation, indicating that the hypotonicity-induced activation of MAPKAP kinase 2 is, similarly to that described for hyperosmotic treatment, the result of an activated p38 MAP kinase cascade. The activation of MAPKAP kinase 2 proceeds with kinetics similar to that of one of the first physiological responses of hypo-osmotic treatment, the opening of compensatory Cl- channels. However, inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase cascade does not block the osmo-sensitive anion efflux and, vice versa, activation of p38 MAP kinase by cytokines and anisomycin does not increase the efflux. These results indicate that the p38 MAP kinase cascade is not directly involved in Cl- channel activation but instead may play a role in subsequent cellular repair processes