The Change of Prevalence of Xerophthalmia on Lombok, September 1977 - September 1983

Berdasarkan data "Survei Prevalensi Kebutaan Gizi" tahun 1977, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dinyatakan sebagai wilayah tinggi prevalensi xeroftalmia. Sebagai suatu wilayah dengan prevalensi xeroftalmia paling tinggi di Indonesia, banyak faktor risiko yang diidentifikasi bagi daerah ini, termasuk kejadian kecacingan, kekurangan frekuensi pemberian ASI pada anak yang masih menyusu; kekurangan "kamar cuci" di dalam rumah; variasi diet yang terbatas, tidak ada variasi konsumsi bahan pokok selain beras; dan kecilnya konsumsi sumber-sumber protein. Faktor risiko khusus xeroftalmi-korneal berkaitan dengan riwayat penyakit yang baru diderita si anak (campak dan infestasi berat kecacingan) dan kurang kalori protein berat. Sejak tahun 1978, Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengembangkan berbagai macam pendekatan untuk mengawasi (kontrol) xeroftalmia; sampai tahun 1982 telah mencapai 80% sasaran (anak Balita) dan telah menghasilkan penurunan prevalensi xeroftalmia di wilayah ini. Penurunan prevalensi ini dicapai tanpa penurunan secara proporsional faktor-faktor risiko terkait

Thermodynamics of Nonstoichiometric Nickel Tellurides. I. Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions of the δ Phase from 5 to 350°K

Heat capacities of the nickel tellurides were measured at compositions NiTe1.1 and NiTe2.0 (near limits of homogeneity of the δ phase) and at one intermediate composition, NiTe1.5, from 5 to 350°K. Heat capacity values and entropy and enthalpy increments are tabulated. No evidence of order‐disorder transitions, or thermal anomalies, or of contributions to the thermal properties from the anisotropy or phonon scattering by the holes in the structure on approaching the composition NiTe2 was observed. Although simple additivity of the heat capacities of the constituent elements failed to represent that of the solution compositions adequately, a Kopp‐Neumann treatment in terms of the limiting compositions of the δ phase gives good agreement with the experimental heat capacity and entropy of NiTe1.5 and hence is useful in interpolating to other intermediate compositions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70090/2/JCPSA6-28-3-497-1.pd

Bricoleurs Extraordinaire: Sports Coaches in Inter War Britain

In Inter War Britain, individuals exploited their athletic skills by pursuing professional careers, or adopting amateur roles, as instructors, trainers and coaches, invariably drawing from, and elaborating on, existing practices. The coach was the master of a body of specialist craft knowledge, the tacit nature of which was transmitted through ‘stealing with the eyes’ as the apprentice watched the master in action (Gamble, 2001). Professional coaches saw themselves as practical men whose experiential knowledge concerning diet, physiological and psychological preparation, stimulants, massaging, medical treatments, talent identification, and so on provided critical components in their coaching ‘toolbox’ (Nelson, 1924, 25-26). Craft knowledge was never static. Coaching expertise is a fluid, cyclical process with practitioners continuously redeveloping their competencies (Turner, Nelson and Potrac, 2012, 323), and part of traditional craft expertise was the ability to react positively to shifting circumstances. Coaches were constantly stimulated to experiment by competitors, commercialisation, and emerging technologies (Clegg, 1977, 244), and they exemplified the notion of the ‘Bricoleur’ in constantly trialling emerging knowledge, intuitively accepting or rejecting appropriate material. This paper explores the ways in which practitioners developed their coaching ‘toolbox’ in Inter War Britain by drawing on examples from newspaper reports, personal and public archives, and instructional texts (eg. Tilden, 1920; Gent, 1922; Nelson, 1924; Mussabini, 1926; Lowe and Porritt, 1929; Abrahams and Abrahams, 1936). The author highlights the range of knowledge that coaches had at their command, well before the emergence of sports science and coaching certification programmes, and questions assumptions that coaches can no longer rely solely on ‘learning the trade’ through experience (Evans and Light, 2007). As Winchester et al. (2013) have emphasised, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights are developed from daily experiences in sport, work and at home, as well as through exposure to the coaching environment, and contemporary coaches still employ a largely implicit form of knowledge, closely connected to past experiences, which shares similarities with Inter War craft knowledge (Smith and Cushion, 2006, 363; Jones, Armour and Potrac, 2003), while identifying experimentation and experience as key reference points (Irwin, Hanton and Kerwin, 2004, 436, 439; Potrac, Jones and Cushion, 2007)

On Early Applications of Psychology in Music Education

Granville Stanley Hall, founder of the American Psychological Association and president of Clark University, was the first American psychologist to speak and write about music's place in the educational curriculum. An examination of his published writings reveals Hall based his theory of music education on principles of Social Darwinism and Child Study perspectives on education. Hall's theories are referenced and paraphrased in several song series textbooks and music appreciation texts published by music educators during his professional career. These sources indicate that Hall influenced the thinking of certain music educators and was important to music education, in general, in developing a receptivity toward psychological processes in music education practice.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Applying Benford’s law to detect accounting data manipulation in the banking industry

We utilise Benford’s Law to test if balance sheet and income statement data broadly used to assess bank soundness were manipulated prior to and also during the global financial crisis. We find that all banks resort to loan loss provisions to manipulate earnings and income upwards. Distressed institutions that have stronger incentives to conceal their financial difficulties resort additionally to manipulating loan loss allowances and non-performing loans downwards. Moreover, manipulation is magnified during the crisis and expands to encompass regulatory capital

Placenta-Like Structure of the Aphid Endoparasitic Wasp Aphidius ervi: A Strategy of Optimal Resources Acquisition

Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an entomophagous parasitoid known to be an effective parasitoid of several aphid species of economic importance. A reduction of its production cost during mass rearing for inundative release is needed to improve its use in biological control of pests. In these contexts, a careful analysis of its entire development phases within its host is needed. This paper shows that this parasitoid has some characteristics in its embryological development rather complex and different from most other reported insects, which can be phylogenetically very close. First, its yolkless egg allows a high fecundity of the female but force them to hatch from the egg shell rapidly to the host hemocoel. An early cellularisation allowing a rapid differentiation of a serosa membrane seems to confirm this hypothesis. The serosa wraps the developing embryo until the first instar larva stage and invades the host tissues by microvilli projections and form a placenta like structure able to divert host resources and allowing nutrition and respiration of embryo. Such interspecific invasion, at the cellular level, recalls mammal's trophoblasts that anchors maternal uterine wall and underlines the high adaptation of A. ervi to develop in the host body