Analysis of Heavy Metal Polution in River Mouths and Estuaries Tondano and Sario in Manado City North Sulawesi

This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metal Hg and Pb in estuary waters Tondano and Sario River in the Bay of Manado, and compare the state of the estuary waters Tondano with Sario estuary waters. Information obtained from this study is expected to be useful for the management of the marine environment, particularly coastal waters, so the environmental monitoring and utilization of coastal areas can be better implemented. The study was conducted for 4 months from September to December 2013. Analasis heavy metal analysis was performed according to the instructions better for Hg, Zn and Pb. The content of Hg and Zn in the water column in the estuary waters Tondano and Sario still within tolerable levels. The content of Pb in the water column in the estuary waters and estuary Tondano and Sario has passed the specified levels and has passed the tolerable levels. Human activity continues to grow around the Gulf waters of Manado so may result in appropriate changes that can lead to contamination, because it is necessary to monitor water quality regularly and continuously. Keywords: pollution, heavy metals, water quality A b s t r a k Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui konsentrasi logam berat Hg dan Pb pada Perairan Muara Sungai Tondano dan Sungai Sario di Teluk Manado, serta membandingkan keadaan Perairan Muara Sungai Tondano dengan Perairan Muara Sungai Sario. Informasi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi pengelolaan lingkungan perairan, khususnya perairan pantai, sehingga pemantauan lingkungan dan pemanfaatan wilayah pesisir pantai dapat dilaksanakan lebih baik. Penelitian dilakukan selama 4 bulan sejak bulan September sampai dengan bulan Desember 2013. Analasis logam berat dilakukan menurut petunjuk analisis baik untuk Hg, Zn dan Pb. Kandungan Hg dan Zn pada kolom air pada perairan Muara Sungai Tondano dan Muara Sungai Sario masih dalam kadar yang ditoleransi. Kandungan Pb pada kolom air di perairan Muara Sungai Tondano dan Muara Sungai Sario telah melewati kadar yang ditetapkan dan telah melewati kadar yang ditoleransi. Adanya aktivitas manusia yang terus berkembang di sekitar Perairan Teluk Manado sehingga dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya Perubahan-Perubahan secara tepat yang dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran, karena itu perlu diadakan pemantauan kualitas air secara berkala dan berkesinambungan

Analysis Of Particle Content In Kappaphyccus alvarezii Seaweed In The Waters Of Arakan Village Using Scan Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)

Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is widely cultivated in Indonesia and has important economic value. Nevertheless, this seaweed is easily attacked by diseases. This study was to determine the ice-ice triggers in seaweed farming locations. This research study was conducted at Arakan Village, South Minahasa, North Sulawesi. We performed the bacteria isolation on the infected thallus of Kappaphycus alvarezii and found Staphylococcus arlettae caused the infection. Staphylococcus aureus used to be found on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy humans, while  Staphylococcus epidermis inhabits only the skin of healthy humans. Approximately 30% of the normal healthy population was affected by Staphylococcus aureus as it asymptomatically colonizes human hosts. How this Staphylococcus arlettae (mainly found in pork farms) infected Kappaphycus alvarezii which is in a high salinity environment requires an in-depth study. We completed the experiment by using Scan Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), analysis on infected thallus Kappaphycus alvarezii, and a series of bacteria isolation to observe the morphology and the element contents of Staphylococcus arlettae bacteria has successfully attached to the surface of Kappaphycus alvarezii and caused an infection.  This proves that environmental changes have stimulated pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus arlettae in the area where Kappaphycus alvarezii is cultivated. The mechanism of biosorption by microbes that can live in environments that are contaminated with Pb metal is active uptake. This mechanism occurs simultaneously in line with the consumption of metal ions for the growth of microorganisms. Staphylococcus arlettae are resistant to heavy metals due to the ability to detoxify the influence of heavy metals in the presence of protein or granular material. From the results of the study using SEM-EDX of algae and bacteria Staphylococcus arlettae, it can be concluded that the content of the particle of metal in thallus triggers bacteria to live on the seaweed as an energy source. Keywords: Bacteria, disease, infection, Kappaphycus alvarezii, seaweed, Staphylococcus arletta

MEDIAN LETHAL CONCENTRATION (LC-50) INSEKTISIDA DIKLOROMETAN PADA NENER BANDENG (Chanos-chanos Forks)

The result showed that the median of the lethal concentration (LC-50) of dichloromethane insecticides on nener milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsk) for 12 hours and 24 hours are 0.786 ppm, and 0.287 ppm, respectively. The increasing tendency of the time there is less lethalconcentration values, whereas the higher concentration, then the sooner the death of test organisms

ISOLASI BAKTERI LAUT DARI PERAIRAN MALALAYANG, SULAWESI UTARA

Marine bacteria have a lot of potential in exploring the enzyme that can be developed, such as a producer of proteorhodopsin, act as hydrocarbon chlorlastic and can degrade oil. This study aims to obtain isolates and can characterize the bacterial morphology. Malalayang Waters is one of the marine bacterial habitats that has potential area to be studied. This study aims to isolate marine bacteria from Malalayang Waters. These marine bacteria first were diluted into sea water before they were grown on Nutrient Agar (NA). Based on the results of this study it was found that marine bacterial isolated were separated based on their morphological characteristics. The dominant morphological characteristics were yellow whites which dominant shape were irregular.Keywords: bacterial, dilution, isolation.  Bakteri laut memiliki banyak potensi yang dapat dikembangkan. Seperti penghasil proteorhodopsin, berperan sebagai hidrokarbonoklastik dan dapat mendegradasi minyak. Perairan Malalayang merupakan salah satu habitat bakteri laut yang belum diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri laut dari Perairan Malalayang. Bakteri laut ditumbuhkan pada media agar + air laut, selain itu bakteri juga dilakukan pengenceran terhadap air laut sebelum bakteri ditumbuhkan pada media Nutrient Agar (NA). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini isolat bakteri  laut ditemukan, bakteri tersebut dipisahkan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologinya. Karakteristik morfologi yang dimiliki dominan berwarna putih kuning dan memiliki bentuk yang dominan tidak teratur. Hal ini dapat memperlihatkan perbedaan bakteri laut dari Perairan Malalayang yang tumbuh.Kata kunci: bakteri, pengenceran, isolasi

QUALITY STUDY OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER IN RIVERS PASSING THROUGH MANADO CITY BASED ON ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS

Study on the quality of domestic wastewater in rivers passing through Manado City to Manado bay was done based on organic and inorganic materials. The study aimed to provide suitable information for environmental management of rivers and beaches in the city. Three rivers were selected to be observed, such as S. Bailang, S. Maasing and S. Tondano, using parameter of Biological Oxygen Demand-5 days (BOD5), Phosphate (PO4) and Nitrate (NO3). Water samples were taken from three locations (upper, middle and river mouth parts) in each rivers. The result showed that average concentrations of the parameters, respectively, were 2 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L and 0.388 mg/L in S. Bailang; 17.66 mg/L, 1.858 mg/L and 0.029 mg/L in S. Maasing; and 4 mg/L, 0.289 mg/L and 0.314 mg/L in S. Tondano. In this paper, water quality status of the observed rivers based on current regulation was discussed

MORFOMETRIK DAN MERISTIK LAMUN DI PANTAI BORGO KECAMATAN BELANG DAN PANTAI BASAAN I KECAMATAN RATATOTOK KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA

Seagrasses are flowering plants (Angiosperms) that are fully adapted to aquatic environments. Seagrasses are capable of living in salt water; even though it is immersed in salty water, it still functionsnormally. The function and role of seagrasses depend on the number of leaf blades, leaf length, leafwidth, and total biomass, all of which are highly determined by local conditions. This research wasconducted in Southeast Minahasa Regency in Pantai Borgo Village, Belang District and Beach Villageof Basaan I, Ratatotok District. This study aims to measure the morphometrics and meristics of seagrassspecies Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium isoetifolium. Sampling of seagrasswas carried out using the cruising survey method, as many as 10 individuals for each species at eachstudy location, samples were taken using a knife and washed and put into plastic samples. Thenmeasured using a caliper ruler. The results obtained from the three seagrass species Enhalusacoroides, Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium isoetifolium are different in morphometric and meristicsizes of the three seagrasses which are larger in Basaan I Beach compared to those in Borgo Beach.This is because in Borgo Beach there are many human activities that greatly affect the activity ofmorphometric and meristic sizes which in turn also affect the growth of seagrass. This difference isthought to be due to the high activity of the people who live around Borgo beach in the form of householdwaste disposal and fishing activities, namely the intensity of boat traffic and boat moorings, while onPasir Panjang Beach, Basan I Village is far from residential areas and is a tourist area that is not yetvery touristy. Stout is known by many people so it is still in good condition and maintained. Measurementof environmental parameters of the waters of Borgo Village Beach and Basaan I Village Beach are stillin optimum conditions for seagrass plants and development. Keywords: Seagrass, Morphometrics, Meristic, Borgo Village, Basaan I VillageABSTRAK Lamun adalah tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae) yang secara penuh beradaptasi pada lingkungan perairan. Lamun mampu hidup di air asin; meski terbenam dalam air asin lamun tetapberfungsi normal. Fungsi dan peranan lamun, bergantung pada jumlah helaian daun, panjang daun,lebar daun, serta biomassa total, yang kesemuanya itu sangat ditentukan kondisi setempat. Penelitianini dilakukan di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara di Pantai Desa Borgo Kecamatan Belang dan PantaiDesa Basaan I Kecamatan Ratatotok. Penelitin ini bertujuan untuk mengukur morfometrik dan meristiklamun jenis Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii dan Syringodium isoetifolium. Pengambilansampel lamun dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei jelajah, sebanyak 10 individu untukmasing-masing jenis di setiap lokasi penelitian, sampel diambil dengan mengunakan pisau dicuci dandimasukkan kedalam plastik sampel. Kemudian diukur dengan menggunakan mistar kaliper. Hasil yangdiperoleh dari ketiga lamun jenis Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii dan Syringodium isoetifoliumadalah berbeda ukuran morfomertik dan meristik dari ketiga lamun tersebut lebih besar yang berada diPantai Basaan I dibandingkan dengan yang ada di Pantai Borgo. Hal ini di karenakan di Pantai Borgobanyak terjadi aktivitas manusia yang sangat mempegaruhi aktivitas ukuran morfometrik dan meristik yang akhirnya juga berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan lamun. Perbedaan ini diduga karena tingginyaaktifitas penduduk yang bermukim disekitar pantai Borgo berupa pembuangan limbah rumah tanggaserta aktivitas kegiatan perikanan yaitu intensitas lalu lalang perahu serta tempat tambatan perahu,sedangkan di Pantai pasir panjang Desa Basan I jauh dari pemukiman warga dan merupakan daerahwisata yang belum terlalu bayak diketahui oleh banyak orang sehingga masih memiliki kondisi yangbaik dan terjaga. Pengukuran parameter lingkungan perairan Pantai Desa Borgo dan Pantai DesaBasaan I masih dalam kondisi yang optimum bagi tumbuhan dan perkembangan lamun. Kata Kunci: Lamun, Morfometrik, Meristik, Desa Borgo, Desa Basaan

Analisis logam berat timbal (Pb) pada akar mangrove di Desa Bahowo dan Desa Talawaan Bajo Kecamatan Tongkaina

Mangrove merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang memiliki kemampuan biofilter, yaitu kemampuan untuk menyaring, mengikat dan memerangkap polusi di alam bebas atau biasa disebut sebagai Tumbuhan Hiperakumulator. Kemampuan mengikat dan memerangkap berupa kelebihan sedimen, limbah buangan rumah tangga dan menyimpan logam berat pada akar, batang dan daunnya berperan penting dan membantu dalam menetralisir masuknya sumber pencemar logam berat seperti timbal (Pb) yang masuk ke dalam perairan dan meningkatkan kualitas air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan daya serap Tumbuhan mangrove dalam menyerap logam berat Pb pada akar mangrove di daerah Pesisir Bahowo dan Pesisir Talawaan Bajo. Sampel yang telah diperoleh kemudian di analisis mmengunakan Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometry (AAS) dan dilakukan pengolahan data. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kemampuan mangrove dalam menyerap logam berat setiap spesiesnya memiliki kemampuan menyerap yang berbeda-beda. Hasil dari analasis sampel akar yang dilakukan mengunakan alat AAS, menemukan bahwa mangrove jenis Avicennia marina memiliki kemampuan menyerap logam berat Pb lebih baik dari jenis Soneratia alba. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan pada daerah Bahowo memiliki konsentrasi logam berat Pb yang cukup yang masih berada dibawah standar baku mutu pada tumbuhan

Amplification Of Bacterial Isolate Sf1 Associated With Sponge Facaplysynopsis sp. From Tongkeina, North Sulawesi

This study was conducted with the aim of amplifying the isolate of SF1 symbiont sponge Facaplysynopsis sp.  from Tongkeina, North Sulawesi. Samples are obtained and stored in the Lab. Molecular Biology and Marine Pharmacology, FPIK Unsrat. The genomic DNA of the samples was isolated using protocols from the Innu PREP Mini DNA Kit. The DNA of the SF1 symbionary bacteria was amplified by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using an 8F primer (5'-AGAGTITGATCCTGGCTA-3 ') and 1492 R (5'TACCTTACGACTT-3'). DNA bacteria SF1 successfully amplified marked by the appearance of the band of DNA that looks less clear, with a length of 600 bp.Keywords: Bacterial Isolate, Sponge,  AmplificationABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengamplifikasi isolat bakteri SF1 simbion spons Facaplysynopsis sp dari perairan Tongkeina, Sulawesi Utara. Sampel diperoleh dan tersimpan di Lab. Biologi Molekuler dan Farmasitika Laut, FPIK Unsrat. DNA genom dari sampel diisolasi menggunakan protokol dari Innu PREP DNA Mini Kit. DNA bakteri simbion SF1 diamplifikasi dengan PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) dengan menggunakan primer 8F (5’-AGAGTITGATCCTGGCTA-3’) dan 1492 R (5’TACCTTACGACTT-3’). DNA bakteri SF1 berhasil diamplifikasi ditandai dengan munculnya pita DNA yang terlihat kurang jelas, dengan panjang 600 bp.Kata Kunci: Bakteri Simbion, Spons, Amplifikas

Efek Toksisitas Polutan Tributiltin Terhadap Sel Alga Laut, Kappaphycus Alvarezii

Pengaruh subletal TBT pada morfologi sel ganggang terjadi pada konsentrasi 2 ppm -10 ppm, dimulai dengan Perubahan warna yang pudar diikuti dengan pemutihan di tallus. Secara histopatologi, konsentrasi 2-4 ppm struktur sel alga masih utuh sama seperti kontrol, dimana korteks dan medula terdiri dari serangkaian sel berbentuk bulat. Pada konsentrasi TBT 6 ppm, terlihat batas antara sel korteks dan medula hampir tidak ada dan sel menjadi sangat tipis, sedangkan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi (8 dan 10 ppm) sel korteks dan medula sudah rusak total

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS DAN ZONASI VEGETASI MANGROVE DESA DARUNU KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

Mangrove ecosystem is a collection of distinctive plant types that contained in tropical and subtropical coastal region. The purpose of research was to find out the community structure and mangrove zonation at Darunu Village, Wori District, North Minahasa Regency. The research was conducted by   the quadrant transect line method. It was done by pulling a straight line, perpendicular from the outermost mangrove area to the land direction, along 100 m by determining three data retrieval Station. To determine the condition of mangrove then density, species frequency, species coverage, important value index, diversity index and equality types were analyzed. The result found 5 mangroves species, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Avicennia officinalis. The highest density value was R.apiculata, as well as species frequency, while the species coverage value  found in S. alba. The diversity value found at Station 2. The zonation of mangrove vegetation in Darunu village respectively, at Station 1 and 2 in the front was overgrown by R.apiculata species with sandy mud substrate.  The Station 3 was overgrown by S.alba species with sandy mud. Generalyl, this location substrate contains of sandy mud and mud.Keywords : Mangrove, community structure, zonation